APA_print

The “APA style” is an author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications.

We would like to acknowledge and give thanks to the University of Queensland, for permission to use and adapt their APA 7th referencing style guide, upon which this guide is based.

• UQ APA 7th referencing style guide

Work consulted for this guide:

American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

APA's resources

Examples from APA & The Learning Zone

• How to order, structure & format a paper 
• Formatting for APA 7th (Learning Zone Quick Guide)
• Student paper checklist for writing & formatting 
• Sample annotated student paper
• Complete guide to creating an APA Style Reference list
• Guide to common reference examples (pdf)
• Comprehensive reference examples (by category) (html) 
• Quick Guide (journal article, book, chapter in edited book)  
• Works included (and excluded) in a reference list 
• Basic principles of reference list entries 
• Elements of reference list entries 
• Missing reference elements 
• Numbers and statistics guide

In-text citation:

Format

(Author last name, Year)

Example

.....finding information (Simpson, 1999) OR Simpson (1999) claimed that …

Reference list:

Format

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) ...

Example

Simpson, M. I. (1999). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. Harper Perrenial.

In-text citation:

Format

(Author last name & Author last name, Year)

Example

(Munro & Langan, 2015) OR Munro and Langan (2015)

Reference List:

Format

Author last name, initial(s), & Author last name, initial(s) .

Example

Munro, B., & Langan, S. (1992). The new age: University libraries. Hocking.

In-text citation:

Format

(First author last name et al., Year) OR First author last name et al. (Year)

Example

(Hartnett et al., 2016) OR Hartnett et al. (2016)

Reference List:

Format

• List all author names - last name, initials.

• Use & between last two author names.

Example

Hartnett, M. H., Bellman, A. S. W., & Wells, N. L. (2009). Essential study tools. Jones and Bartlett

In-text citation:

Format

(First author last name et al., Year) OR First author last name et al. (Year)

Example

(Nath et al., 2019) OR Nath et al. (2019)

Reference List:

Format

Cite the last names & initials of the first 19 authors then follow with a comma and three spaced ellipsis points (. . .), then the last author’s name. 

Example

Nath, A. P., Ritchie, S. C., Grinberg, N. F., Tang, H. H., Huang, Q. Q., Teo, S. M., Ahola-Olli, A. V., Wurtz, P., Havulinna, A. S., Santalahti, K., Pitkanen, N., Lehtimaki, T., Kahonen, M., Lyytikainen, L. P., Raitoharju, E., Seppala, I., Sarin, A. P., Ripatti, S., Palotie, A., . . . Inouye, M. (2019). Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of a cytokine network reveals variants with widespread immune, haematological, and cardiometabolic pleiotropy. American Journal of Human Genetics, 105(6), 1076-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.00

• Only ever use Anonymous when it is the listed author.
• If no author is listed, use the title. See Work with no author(s) or editor(s).

In-text citation:

Format

(Anonymous listed as author name, Year) OR Anonymous listed as author name (Year)

Example

(Anonymous, 1996) OR Anonymous (1996)

• Groups as authors include government departments, professional associations, company names, organisations
• Only the full group name (not the abbreviation) should be included in the reference list

In-text citation:

Format

First Use: 

(Group Name [abbreviation], Year) OR Group Name (abbreviation, Year)

Subsequent Uses:

(Abbreviation, Year) OR Abbreviation (Year)

Example

First use:

(Animal Welfare League [AWL], 2012) OR Animal Welfare League (AWL, 2012)

Subsequent Uses:

(AWL, 2012) OR AWL (2012)

• Include each first author’s initial(s) in all citations. Do this for the FIRST author only when there are multiple authors in a single reference. 
• Initial(s) are included even if year of publication differs.

In-text citation:

Format

(First author - first name initial. last name, Year) OR First author - first name initial. last name  (Year)

(First author - first name initial. last name & second author - last name, Year) OR First author - first name initial. last name and second author - last name (Year)

Example

(B. S. Munro, 2007) OR B. S. Munro (2007) argues that….

(T. Munro, 2007) OR T. Munro (2007) stated that...

(S. Munro & Hall, 2015) found that ..... OR S. Munro and Hall (2015) found that .....

In-text citation:

Format

(Author - full first name last name, Year) OR Author - full first name last name (Year) has argued that ....

Example

(Talli Allen, 2021) OR Talli Allen (2021) has argued that ....

(Marin Simpson, 2015) OR Marin Simpson (2015) notes that ...

• Arrange works with the same author(s) and same year alphabetically by the first significant word in the title (disregarding the words "A", "An", and "The") in the reference list. Place the letter after the year. The first reference listed uses a, the second uses b, etc.
• If "in press" is used for the year, place dash between "press" and relevant letter eg. in press-c
• Use each time the references are included. This includes for a single reference within a parentheses or multiple works in same parentheses.

Examples:

(Kent & Young, 2020a)

(Kent & Young, 2020b)

(Kent & Young, in press-c)

(Kent & Young, 2020a; Munro, 2018)

• Include first author last name and as many of the subsequent author last names to distinguish the citation. 
• For remaining authors, replace with et al.
• If only final author name different, include author name instead of et al.

In-text citation:

Format

(Author last name, Author last name, Author last name et al., Year) OR Author last name, Author last name, Author last name et al. (Year)

Example

(Cleary, Brett, Bezanson, Baker et al., 2017) OR (Cleary, Brett, Bezanson, Thomas et al., 2017)

In-text citation:

Format

("First words of article, chapter title" - in title case, Year) OR "First words of article, chapter title - in title case" (Year)

(Title of book, journal - in title case, Year) OR Title of book, journal - in title case (Year)

Example

("The Coral Sea", 2013) OR "The Coral Sea" (2013)

(The Great Barrier Reef, 2017) OR The Great Barrier Reef (2017)

• Use double quotation marks "....." and title case (capitalise each word) for title of article, chapter or web page with no author.
• Italicise title of journal, book, brochure or report with no author. Use title case.
• Use title case for in-text references only. 

In-text citation:

Format

(Author last name, Year)

• Do not include "with" Author name.

Example

.....finding information (Campbell, 2005) OR Campbell (2005) claimed that …

Reference List:

Format

Author(s) – last name and initial(s). (with Author - last name and initial(s)).

Example

Campbell, P. J. (with Nevens, L. F.). (2005). Psychology. Thomson/Wadsworth

In-text citation:

Format

(Author last name, Year)

• If the surname includes a particle (for example, van, der, den, la, von etc), include the particle before the surname in the reference list and the in text citation. Follow the authors example regarding capitalisation.

Example

(van der Woodsen, 2021) OR St. John (2017)

• No specific font type or size required. Recommendations include Calibri size 11, Arial size 11, Lucida size 10, Times New Roman size 12, Georgia size 11 or Computer Modern size 10 (LaTeX).
• The last name of the author(s) and the year of publication are generally needed.
• They can be part of a sentence (narrative) e.g. Allen (2020) has argued that ... or included within parentheses or brackets (parenthetical) e.g. (Allen, 2020).
• A page number is included for a direct quote. Place a comma after the year and use p. for single page, pp. for multiple pages e.g. (Dombrow, 2014, p. 155) or Wardell (2022) has stated " ... " (pp. 32-33). If there is no identifiable page number, provide another way for the reader to find the quoted information, e.g. (heading or section name, paragraph, chapter, table or figure number)
• When you paraphrase or refer to an idea from another work, a page number is not required. However, for longer works (e.g. books), it can be useful to include a page number to assist the reader to locate the relevant part of the work.
• If there is no date, the abbreviation n.d. may be used e.g. (Walters, n.d.)
• if work is not yet published, use in press e.g. (Smith, in press)

• Groups as authors include government departments, professional associations, company names, organisations

In-text citation:

Format

First Use: 

(Group Name [abbreviation], Year) OR Group Name (abbreviation, Year)

Subsequent Uses:

(Abbreviation, Year) OR Abbreviation (Year)

Example

First use:

(Animal Welfare League [AWL], 2012) OR Animal Welfare League (AWL, 2012)

Subsequent Uses:

(AWL, 2012) OR AWL (2012)

• Include each first author’s initials in all citations. Do this for the FIRST author only. 
• Initials of first author are included even if year of publication differs.

In-text citation:

Format

(First author - first name initial. last name, Year) OR First author - first name initial. last name  (Year)

(First author - first name initial. last name & second author - last name, Year) OR First author - first name initial. last name and second author - last name (Year)

Example

(C. A. Brown, 2006) OR C. A. Brown (2006) suggests that….

(J. Dombrow, 2008) OR J. Dombrow (2008) outlined that...

(T. Allen & Simpson, 2014) found that ..... OR T. Allen and Simpson (2014) found that .....

• Place an a, b, c etc after the year.
• The letters are allocated in the reference list where references with the same first author last names are organised alphabetically by title. The first reference listed uses "a", second uses "b" etc.
• If there is no date, add a hyphen before the a and b.
• If "in press" is used for the year, place a hyphen between "press" and relevant letter eg. in press-c
• Use each time the references are included. This includes for a single reference within a parentheses or multiple works in same parentheses.

Examples:

(Kent & Young, 2020a)

(Kent & Young, 2020b)

(Kent & Young, n.d.-a; Kent & Young, n.d.-b).

(Kent & Young, in press-c)

(Kent & Young, 2020a; Munro, 2018)

In-text citation:

Format

("First words of article, chapter title" - in title case, Year) OR "First words of article, chapter title - in title case" (Year)

(Title of book, journal - in title case, Year) OR Title of book, journal - in title case (Year)

Example

("The Coral Sea", 2013) OR "The Coral Sea" (2013)

(The Great Barrier Reef, 2017) OR The Great Barrier Reef (2017)

• Use double quotation marks "....." and title case (capitalise each word) for title of article, chapter or web page with no author.
• Italicise title of journal, book, brochure or report with no author. Use title case.
• Use title case for in-text references only. 

Two or more works by different authors

• List works alphabetically (as they appear in the reference list)

• Separate references with a semicolon ;

Example:

(Drinkwater, 2001; Jack et al., 2017)

Two or more works by the same author 

• Order references by year of publication

• Put n.d. (no date) references first

• Put "in press" references last

• Only use the author last name or groups name once then list the years

Examples:

(Monnier, n.d., 2013, 2016, 2019, in press)

(Education Queensland, 2011, 2013)

(Education Queensland, 2011; Monnier, 2013, 2016, 2019, in press)

Two or more works by the same author published in the same year 

• Place an a, b, c etc after the year 

• The letters are allocated in the reference list where references with the same first author last names are organised alphabetically by title.

• Repeat each year with each letter used eg. 2018a, 2018b, 2018c

• If "in press" is used, place dash between "press" and relevant letter eg. in press-c

• Use this format each time the references are used in-text. 

Examples:

(Munro & Langan, 2010a)

(Munro & Langan, 2010a, 2010b, in press-c)

(Munro & Langan, 2010a, 2010b; Kohlman & Flanagan, 2006; Tourism Queensland, 2009)

• Both the original year and the reissued, reprinted, republished or translated year of the work needs to be included.

• The years are separated by a forward slash /.

• The original year is listed first.

Example:

(Austen, 1813/2015) OR Austen (1813/2015)

• Arrange works with the same author(s) and same year alphabetically by the first significant word in the title (disregarding the words "A", "An", and "The") in the reference list. This then determines which references uses a, b, c etc.
• Add the relevant letter after the year (which is also used for corresponding in-text references). The first reference listed in the reference list uses "a", second uses "b" etc.

Yang, Q., & Harris, J. G. (2010a). Dynamic range control for audio signals using fourth-order level estimation [Paper presentation]. 129th Audio Engineering Society Convention, San Francisco, CA.

Yang, Q., & Harris, J. G. (2010b). A higher-order spectro-temporal integration model for predicting signal audibility [Paper presentation]. International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Dallas, TX. 

(Yang & Harris, 2010a)

(Yang & Harris, 2010b)

• If the date is n.d. (for no date), include a dash then the relevant letter at the end eg. n.d.-a. It will appear before any specified years.
• If the date is "in press", include a dash then the relevant letter at the end eg. in press-a. It will appear after any specified years.
• If a month and day are included, references with just a year are first, followed by specified dates in chronological order. For example:-

(Taylor, 2019a)

(Taylor, 2019b, May 14)

(Taylor, 2019c, August 3)

• This applies to all reference types with the same author(s) and year.

• Article or book chapter titles
  • ​use sentence case (the first word uses a capital letter with each subsequent word in lower case). The exceptions are for names eg. countries and after a colon : eg. Writing prose in Australia: Words of wisdom from the best
  • do not use single or double quotation marks.
  • do not italicise
• Books (including when using book chapters) and reports titles
  • ​use sentence case  
  • italicise the title 
• Journal, magazine and newspaper titles
  • should be provided in full (not abbreviated) and use title case (i.e. capitalise all major words), rather than sentence case. eg. Psychological Review.
  • they should be italicised.
• Website titles should be italicised.  
• No title
  • add a description of the reference used, including the type of reference in square brackets. For example, [Image of a child playing in outdoor playground]. 
• For social media posts or comments without a title, add up to the first 20 words used in the post or comment and italicise it. Also include a description of the work in square brackets. For example, On Monday and Tuesday (16-17 December) this week, we are replacing computers in the PACE Health Sciences Library [Infographic].

• Use the title in place of the author
• List alphabetically
• Use the first significant word of the title. Ignore "A", "And" and "The".

For example, 

The best 10 years of Radio magazine. (2003). Radio, 9(9), 79.

The only 10 recipes you'll ever need. (1998). Good Housekeeping, 227(3).

• List multiple publisher names in the order in which they appear, separated by semicolons.
• If the book is published by an imprint or division, use the imprint or division as the publisher (e.g. Churchill Livingstone, which is an imprint of Elsevier).
• For publisher names, words like "Co.", "Publishers" or "Inc." should not be included. For example, use Springer, not Springer Publishers.
• Places of publication are not included.
• Do not include publisher name if it is the same as the author.

• Use n.d. if there is no date available
• Use in press when the work is accepted for publication but has not been published
• When the work has been published online prior to publication, include the year of when it was added online.
• When a month, date or season is used, use (Year, Month Date) or (Year, Season). For example, (2019, November 8) or (2019, Autumn/Winter).
• If a "Last Updated" date in used, include this as the publication date. This is only when the information has been clearly changed, not just reviewed.
• For online works that are meant to be changed regularly eg. Facebook, dictionary entry, use Retrieved Month, Date, Year, from URL. For example, Retrieved November 8, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/southerncrossuniversity/

• If there are no volume or issue numbers, omit these details. You can only include the information that has been provided.
• Use the full page range and full page numbers eg. pp. 121 - 138
• For an online publication that uses article numbers or similar, include Article then the article number in the Page Number place. For example, Article e09645731
• Page numbers are included when you are referring to a section of a greater work eg. book chapter, journal article.

(Taken from APA, 2019, pp. 306-307)

References 

Ballard, T., Yeo, G., B. Vancouver, J., & Neal, A. (2017). The dynamics of avoidance goal regulation [Advance online publication]. Motivation and Emotion, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-017-9640-8

Brown, C. G. (2020). Ethical and legal considerations for using mind–body interventions in schools. In C. Maykel & M.A. Bray (Eds.), Promoting mind–body health in schools: Interventions for mental health professionals. (pp. 113-128). American Psychological Association. 
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000157-008

Carson-Chahhoud, K. V., Ameer, F., Sayehmiri, K., Hnin, K., van, A. J. E., Sayehmiri, F., Brinn, M. P., Esterman, A. J., Chang, A. B., & Smith, B. J. (2017). Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(6). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001006.pub3/abstract

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975/2000). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey-Bass. (Original work published 1975).

Dravsnik, J., Signal, T., & Canoy, D. (2018). Canine co‐therapy: The potential of dogs to improve the acceptability of trauma‐focused therapies for children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70, 208-216. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12199

Leigh, J. (2010). Self-determined mindfulness and attachment style in college students (Publication Number 305210119) [Doctoral dissertation, Indiana State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Malcolm, L. (2002-present). All in the mind [Audio podcast]. https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy&oldid=905716408

O’Brien, B. (2017, May 5). NVivo 11 training - full video (5/4/17) - updated [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNo-Qxsp-mk

Office of Fair Trading. (2018, August 17). Community groups key to seniors staying engaged [Press release]. https://www.qld.gov.au/law/laws-regulated-industries-and-accountability/queensland-laws-and-regulations/fair-trading-services-programs-and-resources/fair-trading-latest-news/media-statements/community-groups-key-to-seniors-staying-engaged

Quealy-Gainer, K. (2014, 16 April). I kill the mockingbird by Paul Acampora (review). Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, 67(10), 494-494. https://doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2014.0415

Rappaport, J., & Dubin, C. S. (1983, January 24). Say no more (Season 11, Episode 12) [Television series episode]. In B. Metcalfe, M*A*S*H. 20th Century Fox Television; CBS.

Shapiro, R. E., & Cowan, R. (2017, January 10). Key points about caffeine and migraines. American Migraine Foundation. https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/caffeine-and-migraine/

Siegal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, G. M. G. (2011). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Theoretical rationale and empirical status. In S. C. Hayes, V. M. Follette, & M. M. Linehan (Eds.), Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition (pp. 45-65). Guilford Publications. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Tr0N7aGgAS4C

Simon, P., & Garfunkel, A. (1965). The sounds of silence. On Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M. [Song]. Columbia.

U2. (1988). Rattle and hum [Album]. Island; Sun Studio; Point Depot; Danesmoat; STS Studio; A&M Studios; Ocean Way.

Yang, Q., & Harris, J. G. (2010a). Dynamic range control for audio signals using fourth-order level estimation [Paper presentation]. 129th Audio Engineering Society Convention, San Francisco, CA.

Yang, Q., & Harris, J. G. (2010b). A higher-order spectro-temporal integration model for predicting signal audibility [Paper presentation]. International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Dallas, TX. 

Zachary, K. C. (2018). Treatment of seasonal influenza in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved May 3, 2018, from https://www-uptodate-com.ezp3.library.uq.edu.au/contents/treatment-of-seasonal-influenza-in-adults

An indirect citation or secondary source is when the ideas of one author are published in another author’s text but you have not read or accessed the original author’s work.

• Include both the original author and year and the author and year of the work where quote/idea was found in the in-text reference.
• Add "as cited in" before the author in the in-text reference. For example - (Harris, 2009, as cited in Lewis, 2019).
• In the reference list, provide the details of the work in which you found the quotation or idea.

Elements of the reference

Follow the format of the reference in which you found the indirect citation.

In-text citation

(Original author last name, Year of original work, as cited in Author last name of work where quote found, Year)

Miller (1953, as cited in Agrios, 2005) found … OR … as was found (Miller, 1953, as cited in Agrios, 2005).

Reference list

Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.). Elsevier Academic Press.

EndNote reference type

• Use the relevant reference type for the item you are citing.
• Add “cited in” manually in the "Prefix" box, using “Edit Citation” option

Note: When quoting directly from the lyrics, include a time stamp in the in-text citation.

Elements of the reference

Singer or composer - last name, initial(s). (Year). Song Title [Song]. On Album Title - italicised. Record Company. (Original work published Year - if needed). URL - if needed

In-text citation

(Little, 2000) OR Little (2000) sang about ....

In-text citation - direct quote

(Kelly, 2004, 00:02:40) OR Kelly (2004, 00:02:40) sang ....

Reference list

Little, J. (2000). Royal telephone [Song]. On Buried country. Festival Mushroom. 

EndNote reference type

Music

Elements of the reference

Group name or singer - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of album - italicised [Album]. Record Company. (Original work published Year - if needed). URL - if needed

In-text citation

(Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (N.T.), 1998) OR Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (N.T.) (1998) sang about ....

Reference list

Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (N.T.). (1998). Strong culture: Aboriginal music in Aboriginal languages [Album]. CAAMA Music.

EndNote reference type

Audiovisual material

Elements of the reference

Author - last name, initial(s) (Role eg. Host). (Year - Year). Title - italicised, [Type Podcast]. Publisher. URL - if available

In-text citation

(Jones, 2020-present) OR Jones (2020-present)

Reference list

• If accessed via app or no web address, leave out web address

Jones, A. (Host). (2020-present). Nature track [Audio podcast]. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/nature-track/

EndNote reference type

Podcast - convert to plain text. Add (Host) after author name.

Note: When quoting directly from the lyrics, include a time stamp in the in-text citation.

Elements of the reference

Author - last name, initial(s) (Role eg. Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode Title (No. Episode Number - if available) [Type podcast episode]. In Series Title - italicised. Publisher. URL - if available

In-text citation

(Jones, 2021) OR Jones (2021)

In-text citation - direct quote

(Mcfarlane, 2019, 00:16:10) OR Macfarlane (2019, 00:16:10) concluded ...

Reference list

• If accessed via app or no web address, leave out web address

Jones, A. (Host). (2021, August 17).Heavy rain and desert thunder [Audio podcast episode] Nature Track. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/nature-track/heavy-rain-and-desert-thunder/13481846

EndNote reference type

Podcast - convert to plain text. Add (Host) after author name.

Official APA style example for radio broadcast

• Use the name of the announcer as the author.

Elements of the reference

Author - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title [Radio broadcast]. Site name. URL - if available

In-text citation

(Rosso, 2020) OR Rosso (2020) mentions that...

Reference list

Rosso, J. D. (2020, August 13). Satire, power and race on the Screen Show [Radio broadcast]. ABC Radio. https://radio.abc.net.au/programitem/pe4D72jyxL

EndNote reference type

Audiovisual material

• For interviews housed in digital or physical archives (whether audio or audiovisual), credit the interviewee as the author.
• When quoting directly from the interview, include a time stamp in the in-text citation

Elements of the reference

Author - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title [Description]. Archive name. Site name. URL - if available

In-text citation

(de Beauvoir, 1960) OR As de Beauvoir (1960) states ...

In-text citation - direct quote

(Doogue, 1972, 00:12:30) OR As Doogue (1972, 00:12:30) states ...

Reference list

de Beauvoir, S. (1960, May 4). Simone de Beauvoir discusses the art of writing [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago History Museum. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/simone-de-beauvoir-discusses-art-writing

EndNote reference type

Audiovisual material

Note: When quoting directly from the lyrics, include a time stamp in the in-text citation.

Elements of the reference

Author - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of speech [Description]. Site name. URL - if available

In-text citation

(King, 1963) OR King (1963) stated ...

In-text citation - direct quote

(Staunton, 1980, 01:20:00) OR Staunton (1980, 01:20:00) stated ...

Reference list

King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

EndNote reference type

Audiovisual material

Elements of the reference 

Author(s) – last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher.

In-text citation

(Mayer, 2010) OR Mayer (2010) 

Reference list 

Mayer, D. (2010). Essential evidence-based medicine (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Endnote reference type

Book 

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher.

In-text citation

• Always list the authors in the order in which they appear in the publication.
• Cite both authors for each use of reference.

Examples:

(Delmas & Colgan, 2018) OR Delmas and Colgan (2018) 

Reference list 

Delmas, M., & Colgan, D. (2018). The green bundle: Pairing the market with the planet. Stanford University Press.

Endnote reference type

Book

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher.

In-text citation

• Cite last name of first author followed by “et al.”

(Glasgow et al., 2006) OR Glasgow et al. (2006) found that....

Reference list 

Glasgow, N. A., McNary, S. J., & Hicks, C. D. (2006). What successful teachers do in diverse classrooms. Corwin Press.

Endnote reference type

Book

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) (for first 19 authors), . . . final author - family name and initial(s). (Year). Title of book – italicised. Publisher.

In-text citation

• Cite last name of first author followed by “et al.”

(Abraham et al., 2017) OR Abraham et al. (2017) found that....

Reference list 

Abraham, C., Miller Z., Ellis, S., Driscoll, J., Renman-Fryer, R., Fuller, J., Bayer, S. A., Faben, M., Mellor, K., Murphy, N., O'Neill, J., Tosh, M. E., Ciccaglione, A. R., Hoffnan, A., Zala, H., Langer, H., de Souza, R., Avermore, A., Sunderland, L., … Inman, S. (2017). Introduction to evidence-based practice in nursing. Oxford University Press.

Endnote reference type

Book

Elements of the reference

Title of book - italicised (Year). Publisher.

In-text citation

• Cite in the text the first few words of the title and the year. Italicise the book title.

Management is defined as (CCH Macquarie Dictionary, 1993) OR CCH Macquarie Dictionary (1993) defines…

Reference list 

The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). CCH Australia.

Endnote reference type

Book

• Use only if author is specifically named as “Anonymous”

Elements of the reference

Anonymous - only if author is specifically named as “Anonymous”. (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher.

In-text citation

(Anonymous, 1996)

Reference list 

Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors: A novel of politics. Random House.

Endnote reference type

Book

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher.

In-text citation

(Queensland Health, 2002) OR Queensland Health (2002) recommends that….

Reference list

• If the author name is the same as the publisher, omit the publisher.

Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for the management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents.

Endnote reference type

• Add a comma , after each group author eg. Queensland Health, in the Author field

Book

• Always include a DOI if available.
• How to find a DOI - You can search for a DOI by going to https://search.crossref.org/ and pasting in the title. 
• If from an academic database (Proquest, Ebsco) and without a DOI, do not include the name of the database and end the reference after the publisher name - like a print book.
• Only include a URL if it is stable (will not change overtime). Refer to APA's When to include DOIs and URLs to check what a stable URL is and when to include it.

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher. DOI or stable URL

In-text citation

(Stern, 2007) OR Stern (2007) shows that ...

Reference list

With a DOI

Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511817434

With a stable URL

Chapman, R. W. (Ed.). (2013). Pride and prejudice by Jane Austen. Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42671

Without a stable URL - like a print book

Bakermans, M. (2021). Climate lessons: Environmental, social, local. Worcester Polytechnic Institute.

Endnote reference type

Book

Referencing multiple chapters from same book 

• If there are different authors for each chapter, you need to reference EACH chapter you use, because you need to acknowledge who wrote the work you are using, not the person who edited/compiled the book.
• If the book does not have chapters written by different authors, you only need to reference the book. 
• For ebooks, include a DOI (if no DOI, the URL) at the end of the reference.

Chapter from an edited book

Elements of the reference

Author(s) of chapter – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) – initial(s) and family name - of book (Ed. OR Eds.), Title of book – italicised (pp. Page numbers). Publisher. [If an ebook, include the DOI - if no DOI, use the URL of the ebook provider]

In-text citation

• Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of the book
• Treat multiple authors in same format as books

(Rattan, 2019) OR According to Rattan (2019) ...

Reference list - chapter from ebook

Rattan, A. (2019). How lay theories (or mindsets) shape the confrontation of prejudice. In R. K. Mallett & M. J. Monteith (Eds.), Confronting prejudice and discrimination: The science of changing minds and behaviors (pp. 121-140). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814715-3.00008-4

Reference list - chapter from hardcopy book

Parker, J. (2014). Nursing as art and science. In J. Daly, S. Speedy & D. Jackson (Eds.), Contexts of nursing: An introduction (pp. 38-51). Churchill Livingston. 

EndNote reference type

Book section

Edition other than the first

Format

• Second edition = 2nd ed.
• Third edition = 3rd ed.
• Fourth edition = 4th ed.
• Revised edition = Rev. ed.

• Abridged edition = Abr. ed.

The edition statement is placed after the title of the work. This is not necessary for a first edition.

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicised (Edition number ed.). Publisher. DOI - if no DOI, use the URL of the ebook provider

In-text citation

(DeHart et al., 1995) OR DeHart et al. (1995) state the idea that…

Reference list 

DeHart, G. B., Sroufe, L.A., & Cooper, R. G. (1995). Child development: Its nature and course (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Endnote reference type

Book

Elements of the reference

Editor(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple editors. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year). Title of book - italicised. Publisher. DOI - if no DOI, use the URL of the ebook provider

In-text citation

Treat multiple editors same as multiple authors

(Luiselli, 2017) OR Luiselli (2017)

Reference list 

Luiselli, J. K. (Ed.). (2017). Applied behavior analysis advanced guidebook: A manual for professional practice. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-01055-0

If the book's chapters are written by different authors to the editor(s), you must reference each chapter you use as a book chapter.

Endnote reference type

Edited book

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of book - italicised (Translator name - first initial. last name, Trans.; Edition - if available). Publisher. (Original work published Year). DOI - if no DOI, use the URL of the ebook provider

In-text citation

• Include original year of publication first and then year of translated publication.

(Castro, 2006/2008) OR Castro (2006/2008)

Reference list 

Castro, F. (2008). My life (A. Hurley, Trans.). Dover. (Original work published 2006).

Endnote reference type

Book

EndNote tips

• Enter translator’s name in Translator field
• Add Original work published Year to Original Publication field

• Treat these works as books or webpages depending on the version you use. See Citing classical and religious works for more information and example references.
• Religious works are usually treated as having no author.
• In-text citation contains two dates, the earliest first, separated by an /.

Elements of the reference

Religious works

Author/Title. (Year). Title of work. Publisher. DOI - if no DOI, use the URL of the ebook provider

Classical or ancient text

Author name. (Year). Title of work (edition or translation details if applicable). Publisher. URL - if online (Original work published date)

In-text citation

(King James Bible, 1769/2017)

The Qur'an (2004) states ...

Shakespeare (1623/1995) shows ...

Reference list 

King James Bible. (2017). King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work published 1769)

The Qur'an (M. A. S. Abdel Haleem, Trans.). (2004). Oxford University Press.

The Torah: The five books of Moses (3rd ed.). (2015). The Jewish Publication Society. (Original work published 1962)

Aristotle. (1994). Poetics (S. H. Butcher, Trans.).  The Internet Classic Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotole/poetics.html (Original work published ca. 350 B.C.E.)

Shakespeare, W. (1995). Much ado about nothing (B. A. Mowat & P. Werstine, Eds.). Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1623)

Endnote reference type

Depending on the source, select ancient work, book, classical text or webpage

• Children's book or other illustrated book example references (official APA)

Elements of the reference 

Author(s) – last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of book - italicised (Initial. Last name, Illus.). Publisher. DOI - if no DOI, use the URL of the ebook provider

In-text citation

(Nekrasov, 2021) OR Nekrasov (2021) 

Reference list 

Nekrasov, C. (2021). The bird that couldn't fly (C. Brown, Illus.).  Red Page Press.

Endnote reference type

Book - add the illustrators details into the reference after converting to plain text.

• Open education resource (OER) reference examples (official APA)

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Date - year, month day - provide as specific as possible). Title of book - italisised. OER Publisher/Repository. Retrieved month day, year, from URL of the book

In-text citation

(Fagan, 2019) OR Fagan (2019) states ...

Reference list

Fagan, J. (2019, March 25). Nursing clinical brain. OER Commons. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/53029-nursing-clinical-brain/view

Endnote reference type

Webpage

• Conference proceedings published in a journal follow the same format as a journal article reference.
• Conference proceedings published as a book follow the same format as an edited book reference.
• Conference proceedings published as a book chapter follow the same format as an edited book chapter reference.
• For more information and example references, view the official APA Conference proceeding references.

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month date(s)). Title of paper - italicised. [Type of paper eg. Paper presentation]. Conference Name, Location. DOI or URL - if available

In-text citation

(Norton et al., 2018) OR Norton et al. (2018) stated that ...

Reference list

Norton, M., Moloney, G., Burke, S., Sanson, A., & Louis, W. (2018, September 27-30). Psychological responses to social threats: From stigma to solidarity [Paper presentation]. 2018 APS Congress Psychology Advancing into a New Age, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

EndNote reference type

Conference paper - add type of paper to Type field

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month, date(s)). Title - italicised [Poster presentation]. Conference Name, Location. DOI or URL - if available

In-text citation

(Snoswell, 2016) OR Snoswell (2016)

Reference list

Snoswell, C. (2016, October 31 - November 3). Models of care for store-and-forward teledermatology in Australia [Poster presentation]. 7th International Conference on Successes and Failures in Telehealth, Auckland, New Zealand.

EndNote reference type

Conference paper - add Poster presentation to Type field

• The author is the creator of the lecture notes, not necessarily the person who presents/facilitates/delivers the lecture/workshop. If the creator can not be identified, use the Southern Cross University as the author. 

Elements of the reference

Elements of the reference

In-text citation

(Faculty of Business, Law & Arts, 2022) OR In ARTD1001, Module 1 shows that ... (Faculty of Business, Law & Arts, 2022)

Reference list

• If the study guide has been revised, include the names of the people who wrote and revised it as "authors", if the contribution of each person was substantial or not specified.

Elements of the reference

In-text citation

(Wessel, 2014) OR In the study guide, Wessel (2014) said ...

(School of Health and Human Sciences, 2020)

Reference list

Item on myReadings list

Reference the original source. So, if the myReadings item is a chapter in an edited book, or a journal article, for example, follow the guidelines for those information sources. 

• Past assignments are regarded as unpublished works and therefore do not need to be included into your reference list.
• However, sometimes your lecturer may advise/allow you to reference a previous assignment and include it in your reference list.

Elements of the reference

• If the slides come from a classroom website, learning management system (e.g. MySCU), or a company intranet and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page for sites requiring login).
• If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the slides, cite them as a personal communication.

Elements of the reference

In-text citation

(Mack & Spake, 2018) OR Mack and Spake (2018)

Reference list

Example

• If you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page for sites requiring login).

Elements of the reference

Reference list

• If you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page for sites requiring login).

Elements of the reference

Elements of the reference

Investigator(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of dataset - italicised (Version - if needed)  [Description of format or type]. Name of publisher - if available. DOI or URL

In-text citation

(Wong & Langevin, 2007) OR Wong and Langevin (2007) found that ....

Reference list

Wong, K. K., & Langevin, W. E. (2007). Policy expansion of school choice in the American states, 1991-2005 (Version 1) [Dataset]. ICPSR. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR20427.v1

EndNote reference type

Dataset

Elements of the reference

Group author(s). (Year). Title of dataset - italicised (Version - if needed) [Description of format or type]. Name of publisher - if available. DOI or URL

In-text citation

(Pew Hispanic Center, 2004) OR The Pew Hispanic Center (2004) reported that ....

Reference list

Pew Hispanic Center. (2004). Changing channels and crisscrossing cultures: A survey of Latinos on the news media [Data file and code book]. http://pewhispanic.org/datasets/

EndNote reference type

Dataset

Elements of the reference

Investigator(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title - italicised OR [Description of data - if untitled] [Unpublished raw data]. Data source - if available. 

In-text citation

(Allen & Brown, 2021) OR Allen and Brown (2021) found that ....

Reference list

Allen, T., & Brown, C. A. (2021). Trial and error [Unpublished raw data]. Southern Cross University.

EndNote reference type

Dataset

Elements of the reference

Name of standards organisation. (Year). Title of standard - italicised (Standard number). Publisher. URL of homepage of publisher- if available

In-text citation

(Standards Australia, 1994) OR Standards Australia (1994) presents ...

Reference list

Standards Australia. (1994). The storage and handling of corrosive substances (AS 3780-1994). SAI Global. https://www.saiglobal.com/online/

EndNote reference type

Report - add standard number into Report Number field

Elements of the reference

Publisher. (Year). Title of publication: Subtitle. URL of specific document

In-text citation

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013) OR The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013) shows that ...

Reference list

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Regional population growth: Australia, 2011-2012. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/3218.0~2011-12~Main+Features~Main+Features?OpenDocument

EndNote reference type

Report

Elements of the reference

Author(s) or editor(s) of work – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors or editors. (Ed. or Eds. - if editor used). (Year). Title - italicised (Edition - if other than first). Publisher.

In-text citation

(Vogt & Johnson, 2016) OR Vogt and Johnson (2016), argued that ....

Reference list

Vogt, W. P., & Johnson, B. (2016). The SAGE dictionary of statistics & methodology: A nontechnical guide for the social sciences (5th ed.). SAGE.

EndNote reference type

Book OR Edited book (if editor used)

Elements of the reference

Author(s) or editor(s) of work – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors or editors. (Year). Entry title. In Editors - initial(s). Initial(s). Last Name - use & for multiple editors (Ed. or Eds.), Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia - italicised (Edition ed.). Publisher. DOI or URL - if available 

In-text citation

(Redmond, 2017) OR Redmond (2017)

Reference list

Redmond, B. F. (2017). Affective events theory. In S.G. Rogelberg (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed.). Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483386874.n10

EndNote reference type

Electronic book section

Elements of the reference

Group author. (Year or n.d.). Title of entry. In Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia - italicised. Publisher (if the same as the author, omit). Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

In-text citation

(American Psychological Association, n.d.) OR The American Psychological Association (n.d.) defined ....

Reference list

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Mindfulness meditation. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved November 21, 2019, from https://dictionary.apa.org/mindfulness-meditation

EndNote reference type

Electronic book section

Elements of the reference

Entry title. (Year). In Editors - Initial(s). Last Name - use & for multiple editors (Ed. OR Eds.), Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia - italicised (Edition - if other than first ed.). DOI or URL - if available

In-text citation

(Accretion, 2018)

Reference list

Accretion. (2018). In H. Marcovitch (Ed.), Black's medical dictionary (43rd ed.). A&C Black. https://login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/blackmed/accretion/0?institutionId=180

EndNote reference type

Electronic book section

• The Australian Curriculum is created and published online by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA).

• The website has no date, so is referenced as (n.d.). If you download the document as a pdf, reference the full date.

Elements of the reference

Individual or Group author. (Year, Month Day - if available). Title of page - italicised. Website name - if needed. URL

[Note: omit the website name if the author and website name are the same.]

In-text citation

• First time the organisation is cited include full name, then acronym and date if available.
• If works have the same author and no date, use "n.d." and add a hyphen before the a and b.
• If including a direct quote or referring to a specific section/stage/outcome of the curriculum, use the curriculum identifier.

(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], n.d.) OR The Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA, 2015) shows that ...

(ACARA, n.d.-a) or (ACARA, n.d.-b) or The Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA, n.d.-c) shows that ...

Subsequent citation with curriculum identifier: (ACARA, n.d. ACMNA001)

Reference list

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2015, December). English: Sequence of content F-6 strand: Language. https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/media/4401/english_-_sequence_of_content.pdf

Endnote reference type

Web Page - add Month Day to Last Update Date field if needed.

• The Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) is part of the National Quality Framework (NQF) for early childhood education and care.

• My Time, Our Place: Framework is the National approved learning framework for school age children under the NQF.

• Reference both documents as a document on the web. The document is available to download from a few different websites, make sure you include the website name from which you downloaded the document.

Elements of the reference

Individual or Group author. (Year, Month Day - if available). Title of page - italicised. Website name - if needed. URL

[Note: omit the website name if the author and website name are the same.]

In-text citation

• First time the organisation is cited include full name, then acronym and date.
• Include a page number for a direct quote

(Australian Government Department of Education [AGDE], 2022) OR The Australian Government Department of Education (AGDE, 2022) shows that ...

Reference list

Australian Government Department of Education. (2022). Belonging, being and becoming: The early years learning framework for Australia V2.0. Australian Children's Education & Care Quality Authority. https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/EYLF-2022-V2.0.pdf

Australian Government Department of Education. (2022). My time, our place: Framework for school age care in Australia V2.0. Australian Children's Education & Care Quality Authority. https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/MTOP-V2.0.pdf

Endnote reference type

Web Page - add Month Day to Last Update Date field if needed.

APA considers all types of visual items (e.g. graphs, charts, photographs, drawings, infographics, maps and clip art), other than tables, as figures. Figures may be sourced from journal articles, books, reports, webpages, or websites.

• Each figure needs to be numbered in the order in which they appear in the document.
• If a figure is being reproduced for inclusion in a work which is being published, you must seek permission from the copyright holder. This permission must also be included in the note beneath the figure.
• Include the full reference in the reference list.

Below is the format for displaying and acknowledging figures in the body of your work:

• Number: written as Figure X in bold above the figure (e.g. Figure 1)
• Title: one double-spaced line below the figure number, capitalised in italics (e.g. Storyboarding)
• Note: underneath the figure; includes description (if required) and copyright attribution: reprinted or adapted status (if required), source details, copyright status, and permission statement (if required); italicised (e.g. Note. Description.of ...)

For your own figures (e.g. an image, such as a photograph, or a table/graph displaying your own data), only include a figure number and title above the figure. No citation, copyright attribution or reference list entry is required.

If you feel it needs to be made clear it is your own work, add "Own Work" on or under the image to avoid confusion. 

Refer to this page of the APA Style site for examples: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/sample-figures#illustration

Elements of the reference

As for a book or chapter in an edited book [see Books page], or a report  [see Reports page]

Elements of in-text display:

In-text display - image from a book

In-text display - image from a chapter in an edited book

Reference list - image from a book

McAllister, L. S. (2020). Yoga in the music studio. Oxford University Press.

Reference list - image from a chapter in an edited book

Ebert, L. (2020). Midwifery decision-making. In E. Jefford & J. Jomeen (Eds.), Midwifery: A global Perspective (pp. 197-208). Taylor &Francis Group.

EndNote reference type

Artwork - add type of image to Type of Work field

Elements of the reference

As for an online journal article [see Journal Articles page]

Elements of in-text display:

In-text display

Reference list

Fleer, M. (2018). Digital animation: New conditions for children's development in play-based setting. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(5), p. 952. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12637

EndNote reference type

Artwork - add type of image to Type of Work field

Elements of the reference

As for a webpage or website [see Websites, webpages page]

Elements of in-text display:

In-text display

Reference list

Southern Cross University. (2021). Southern Cross University shines in online offshore courses. [Photograph of international students studying]. Southern Cross University. https://www.scu.edu.au/engage/news/latest-news/2021/southern-cross-university-shines-in-online-offshore-courses.php

EndNote reference type

Artwork - add type of image to Type of Work field

Note:

To include the entire infographic in your work, permission and/or a copyright attribution and reference list entry will likely be required. 

Elements of the reference

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title [Description]. Site name. URL

In-text display - example where the infographic is included 

In-text citation - example where content only from the infographic is included

(Ivett, 2017) OR According to Ivett (2017) ...

Reference list

Ivett, K. (2017). Women and equality in national parliaments [Infographic]. Kantar Information is Beautiful Awards. https://www.informationisbeautifulawards.com/showcase/1850-women-and-equality-in-national-parliaments

EndNote reference type

Add Infographic to Type of Work field

Notes:

• Attribution of a stock image is determined by its licence. The licence may indicate that no attribution, citation or reference is required, OR it may indicate that all of these elements are needed. The licence requirements apply regardless of whether the image costs money or is free, and to both papers and PowerPoint presentations.
• In most cases, clip art does not require permission to reproduce. A licence which allows unattributed use of clip art images comes with purchase of computer programs, like Microsoft Word.
• Check the copyright status of images from free clip art sites, to identify if a copyright attribution, citation or reference is required.

Elements of the reference

Group author(s) or author - last name, initial(s) - use & to combine authors. (Year). Title - italicised [Description - e.g. Photograph]. Site name. URL

Elements of in-text display - where no attribution required

In-text display - example where no attribution required

Reference list - example where no attribution required

No reference list entry required

Elements of in-text display - where attribution required

In-text display - example where attribution is required

Reference list - example where attribution is required

ajay_suresh. (2021). 361 Broadway - James While Building [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ajay_suresh/51522453870/

EndNote reference type

Artwork

EndNote tips

• Add Clip art OR Stock image to Type of Work field
• Add provider of image eg. shutterstock to Publisher field

Notes:

• Where use of the image requires attribution of the copyright owner (according to the licence on the source), the figure number and title may be excluded, but a note under the image and a reference list entry should still be provided
• If the image is a stock image or clip art from a site where no attribution is required, the figure number, title, note and reference may be excluded. 

Elements of the note below figure (only required if attribution is needed):

Example - multiple images on one slide (with note and reference list entry)

Elements of the reference

Director(s) - or similar eg. Executive Producer - last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple names [Descriptor - eg. Director or Producer]. (Year). Title of film or movie - italicised [Film; list details of format eg. two disc special edition - if needed]. Production Company. URL - if available

In-text citation

(Gameau, 2015)  OR Gameau (2015)

Reference list

Gameau, D. [Director]. (2015). That sugar film [Film]. Madman Entertainment.

Scott, R. [Director]. (2006). Blade runner [Film; director's cut on DVD]. Roadshow.

EndNote reference type

Film or broadcast - as last step, convert to plain text. Add [Director] as needed.

• Include a translation of the film title in square brackets.

Elements of the reference

Director(s) - last name, initial(s). [Descriptor eg. Director]. (Year). Title of work in original language - italicised [Translation of the title] [Type of work]. Production Company. URL - if available

In-text citation

(Malle, 1987)  OR Malle (1987)

Reference list

Malle, L. (Director). (1987). Au revoir les enfants [Goodbye children] [Film]. Nouvelles Editions de Films.

EndNote reference type

Film or broadcast - As last step, convert to plain text. Add [Translation of title] and [Director] as needed.

Elements of the reference

Executive Producer(s) - last name, initial(s). [Executive Producer(s)]. (Years - it aired, use present if still airing). Title - italicised [TV series]. Production Compan(ies); Broadcaster Name.

In-text citation

(Benioff et al., 2009-2011) OR Benioff et al. (2009-2011)

Reference list

Benioff, D., Casady, G., Doelger, F., Gerardis, V., & Weiss, D. B. [Executive Producers]. (2011–2019). Game of thrones [TV series]. Television 360; Grok! Studio; Generator Entertainment; Bighead Littlehead; Home Box Office.

EndNote reference type

Audiovisual material - as last step, convert to plain text. Add [Executive Producers] as needed.

Elements of the reference

Episode writer(s) - last name, initial(s). [Writer] & Director - last name, initial(s). [Director]. (Year, Month Day). Title of television series episode (Season ..., Episode ...) [Television series episode]. In Executive producer - initial(s), last name [Executive producer(s)], Television series name - italicised. Production Companies - use ; to separate multiples.

In-text citation

(Writer's last name & Director's last name, Year)

(Rappaport & Dubin, 1983) OR Rappaport and Dubin (1983) found that ....

Reference list

Rappaport, J. [Writer] & Dubin, C. S. [Director]. (1983, January 24). Say no more (Season 11, Episode 12) [Television series episode]. In B. Metcalfe [Executive producer], M*A*S*H. 20th Century Fox Television; CBS.

EndNote reference type

Television episode - as last step, convert to plain text. Add [Director], [Writer], [Executive producer] as needed.

The following information has come from the APA manual (2019, pp.260-261).

Traditional Knowledge is referenced based on how the information was recorded.

• If the information is in a recorded format, follow the examples for how to cite that particular source (e.g. journal article, book, website, etc.). See examples below about how to acknowledge the Nation Group, when known, in your text.
• If the information is in an unrecorded format, follow the examples for Personal Communication, with the addition of the Nation Group, if known. See examples below.
• If the author, or person sharing the information is an Elder, they should be referred to as Aunty or Uncle in your narrative.
• The words, Elder, Aunty, and Uncle should not be abbreviated.

Stop and think

• Is the information accurate and appropriate?
• Is the information something you are allowed to share?
• Is the Nation Group acknowledged?
  • If so, you can also acknowledge them in your text.
  • If not, you can acknowledge in your text that this is Indigenous Knowledge with unknown origin.

If the information being referenced has been recorded, it should be referenced according to the APA style for that source (e.g. book, article).

However, you can choose to acknowledge the author as an Elder, where applicable, and Nation Group (if known) further in your text.

If the author's name includes Elder, Aunty, or Uncle in the byline of the publication, treat this as an inseparable multipart name and preserve their full name in the reference list.

Example 1

In-text citation (narrative)

Bundjalung Elder, Uncle Charles Moran, highlights the importance of stillness and listening to the lessons from Country (Moran & Moran, 2004. p. 56).

Reference list 

Moran, C.H. & Moran, G. 2004, Talk softly, listen well: Profile of a Bundjalung elder, Charles Moran, Southern Cross University Press.

Example 2 (published interview)

Follow the format for the reference type in which the interview was published. When the person being interviewed doesn't appear in the author element in the Reference, integrate their Nation Group, title if applicable, and full name into the narrative of the sentence.

In-text citation (narrative)

Gumbaynggirr Elder, Aunty Bea Ballangarry, explains how the removal of judgement found in yarning circles provides opportunities for healing (NSW Mental Health Commission, 2016, January 20).

Reference list

NSW Mental Health Commission. (2016, Jan 20). Guunumba Sit Down Circles with Aunty Bea Ballangarry - Coffs Harbour, NSW [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgs9AqRa3n4

Example 3 (inseparable multipart name)

In-text citation (narrative)

Gumbaynggirr Elder, Aunty Shaa Smith, explains the importance of getting to know Country (Yandaarra with Gumbaynggirr Country et al, 2022).

Reference list 

Yandarra with Gumbaynggirr Country, Aunty Shaa Smith, Uncle Bud Marshall, Smith, N., Wright, S., Daley, L., & Hodge, P. (2022). Ethics and consent in more-than-human research: Some considerations from/with/as Gumbaynggirr Country, Australia. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 47 (3), 709–724. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12520

If the information you are citing has not been recorded in a way that it can be recovered by a reader it should be cited as personal communication. This includes email, text message, online chat, direct message, personal interview, telephone conversation, live speech, unrecorded classroom lecture, memo, or letter, etc. 

• Start with the Nation Group, if known
• Include the title if applicable (E.g. Elder, then Aunty or Uncle)
• Include the first name and surname (no abbreviations) of the communicator, and as exact a date as possible, in the citation
• Do not use for quotes, or information from participants interviewed as part of personal original research
• Do not include in the Reference list

Personal communication example

In-text citation

(Bundjalung Elder, Aunty Gwen Hickling, personal communication, August 6, 2020) OR Bundjalung Elder, Aunty Gwen Hickling (personal communication, August 6, 2020)

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Journal Name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). DOI address OR URL (if no DOI available)

In-text citation

Reference list 

Gray, B. (2009). The emotional labour of nursing - Defining and managing emotions in nursing work. Nurse Education Today, 29(2), 168-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2008.08.003

Endnote reference type

Journal article (print) OR Electronic article

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal Name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). DOI address OR URL (if no DOI available)

In-text citation

Reference list 

Richards, D. A., & Borglin, G. (2019). “Shitty nursing” – The new normal? International Journal of Nursing Studies, 91(1), 148-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.12.018

Endnote reference type

Journal article OR Electronic article

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal Name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). DOI address OR URL (if no DOI available)

In-text citation

Reference list 

Pal, R., Megharaj, M., Kirkbride, K. P., & Naidu, R. (2013). Illicit drugs and the environment - A review. The Science of the Total Environment, 463-464, 1079-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.086

Endnote reference type

Journal article OR Electronic article

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) for first 19 . . . Last author last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Journal Name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). DOI address OR URL (if available)

In-text citation

Reference list 

• List all authors up to 19 names.
• For 21 or more authors, include the first 19, then an ellipsis - ... - followed by the last author's name.

Adlhoch, C., Mandakova, Z., Ethelberg, S., Epstein, J., Rimhanen-Finne, R., Figoni, J., Baylis, S. A., Faber, M., Mellou, K., Murphy, N., O'Gorman, J., Tosti, M. E., Ciccaglione, A. R., Hofhuis, A., Zaaijer, H., Lange, H., de Sousa, R., Avellon, A., Sundqvist, L., … Ijaz, S. (2019). Standardising surveillance of hepatitis E virus infection in the EU/EEA: A review of national practices and suggestions for the way forward. Journal of Clinical Virology, 120, 63-67. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2019.09.005

Endnote reference type

Journal article OR Electronic article

Elements of the reference

Title of article. (Year). Title of journal - italicised, Volume - italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). DOI OR URL (if no DOI available)

In-text citation

Reference list 

Vitamin K for newborns. (2016). Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 61(5), 675-676. http://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12550

Endnote reference type

Journal article OR Electronic article

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal Name – italicised. Advance online publication. DOI address OR URL (if no DOI available)

In-text citation

Reference list 

Allan, H. (2010). The perils facing nurse education: A call for leadership for learning. Nurse Education Today. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.01.002

Endnote reference type

Journal article OR Electronic article - add Advance online publication to Article Number field

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (in press). Title of journal article. Journal Name – italicised. DOI address OR URL (if no DOI available)

In-text citation

Reference list 

Baldwin, M., & Keefer, L. A. (in press). Being here and now: The benefits of belonging in space and time. Journal of Happiness Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00214-7

Endnote reference type

Journal article OR Electronic article - add Article in press to Article Number field

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal Name – italicised, Volume - italicised(Issue number), Article article number. DOI address OR URL (if no DOI available)

In-text citation

Reference list 

de Boer, M. J., Steinhagen, H. E., Versteegen, G. J., Struys, M. M. R. F., & Sanderman, R. (2014). Mindfulness, acceptance and catastrophizing in chronic pain. PloS One, 9(1), Article e87445. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087445

Endnote reference type

Journal article OR Electronic article - add the word Article followed by the article number in the Pages field of the reference eg. Article e87445

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of journal article. Journal Name – italicised, Repository. DOI address OR URL (if no DOI available)

In-text citation

Reference list 

Hampton, S., Rabagliati, H., Sorace, A., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2017). Autism and bilingualism: A qualitative interview study of parents’ perspectives and experiences. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/76xfs

Endnote reference type

Journal article. Write "[Pre-print]." or "[Post-print]." at the beginning of the Title field.

• The APA 7 Publication Manual refers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (20th ed, 2015) for referencing legal publications. However, this does not cover Australian materials. Check with your faculty or discipline for any specific requirements. 
• The Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) should be consulted when referencing Australian legislation.
• SCU has their own AGLC LibGuide for easy reference.
• Secondary sources: if you do not read the actual Case or Act, but only read about them in another source, only include that source in your reference list.

• Pinpoint reference: This refers to the particular section or division or other part of the named Act. See AGLC4 p. 69-72 for how the different sections or parts of Acts are abbreviated.
• Include the jurisdiction the first time the act is cited. Leave it out of subsequent citations.
• Long title should only be used if there is no short title. See AGLC4 p. 67.

Elements of the reference

Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation), pinpoint reference - if applicable.

In-text citation

(Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth) s. 3) OR Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth) states that ....

Reference list

Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth).

EndNote reference type

Book

EndNote tips

• EndNote in text citation: In "Edit & Manage Citations", choose "Exclude Year" in "Formatting". Then in "Suffix" field, type space (Qld) and click on "OK".
• Add Act title & year to Title field
• Add Jurisdiction abbreviation to Year field

• Include the jurisdiction the first time the bill is cited. Leave it out of subsequent citations.
• Long title should only be used if there is no short title. See AGLC4 p. 67.

Elements of the reference

Short Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) pinpoint reference - if applicable.

In-text citation

Healthy Futures Commission Queensland Bill 2017 (Qld) s. 23 OR As found in the Healthy Futures Commission Queensland Bill (2017, s. 23) ...

Reference list

Healthy Futures Commission Queensland Bill 2017 (Qld) s. 23.

Environment Legislation Amendment Bill 2013 (Cth).

EndNote reference type

Web page

EndNote tips

• Endnote in-text citation: In "Edit & Manage Citations", add comma space s. 23 in "Suffix" box. Convert to Plain Text as last step. Edit in-text reference to remove quotation marks and add bracket around jurisdiction.
• Add jurisdiction abbreviation to "Year" field
• Add section to "Edition" field

• Round brackets are used when the report series is organised by volume numbers.
• Include the year the first time the case is cited. Leave it out of subsequent citations.

Elements of the reference

Case name - italicised (Year) Volume Law Report Abbreviation Starting Page Number.

In-text citation

(Montevento Holdings Pty Ltd v Scaffidi, 2012) OR As found in Montevento Holdings Pty Ltd v Scaffidi (2012)...

Reference list

Montevento Holdings Pty Ltd v Scaffidi (2012) 246 CLR 325. 

EndNote reference type

Webpage - add Volume, Law Report Abbreviation, Starting Page Number to Publisher field

• Square brackets are used when the reports are organised by year
• Include the year the first time the case is cited. Leave it out of subsequent citations.

Elements of the reference

Case name - italicised [Year] Volume Law Report Abbreviation Starting Page Number.

In-text citation

(Nothdurft & Anor v QGC Pty Limited & Ors, 2017) OR As found in Nothdurft & Anor v QGC Pty Limited & Ors (2017)....

Reference list

Nothdurft & Anor v QGC Pty Limited & Ors [2017] QLC 41.

EndNote reference type

Web page

EndNote tips

• Add Volume, Law Report Abbreviation, Starting Page Number to Publisher field
• When document finalised, convert to plain text and change Year brackets to square [ ]

• Unreported cases have not been published in a law report series.

• The year is entered in square brackets.

Elements of the reference

Case name - italicised [Year] Court abbreviation Decision number.

In-text citation

In the case of Kozik v Redland City Council (2021), the judgment ...

Reference list

Kozik v Redland City Council [2021] QSC 233.

EndNote reference type

Web page

EndNote tips

• Add Court Abbreviation, Decision number to Publisher field
• When document finalised, convert to plain text and change Year brackets to square [ ]

Elements of the reference

Jurisdiction. Parliamentary debates. Chamber. Day Month Year, Page number/s. (Full name of Speaker and position if applicable)

In-text citation

(Commonwealth, 2010, 1)

(New South Wales, 2022, 9158)

Reference list

Commonwealth. Parliamentary debates. Senate. 2 February 2010, 1.

New South Wales. Parliamentary debates. Legislative Assembly. 22 December 2022, 9158 (Dominic Perrotet, Premier)

EndNote reference type

Unpublished work

EndNote tips

• Endnote in-text citation: Go to "Edit and Management Citations" in Word and add , Year to "Suffix" text box
• Add Chamber to "Department" field
• Add Day Month Year to "Date" field

Elements of the reference

Name of Treaty or Convention, signing or approval month day, year.

In-text citation

(United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989)

Reference list

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, November 20, 1989.

EndNote reference type

Web page

Elements of the reference

Source: (Melbourne University Law Review Association & Melbourne Journal of International Law, 2010, p. 65).

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of article. Newspaper Title – italicised, Page number(s) - if available. URL or DOI address - if available

In-text citation

• Month Day not included in in-text reference

(Danckert, 2021) OR Danckert (2021) argued that ....

Reference list 

Danckert, S. (2021, September 15). Australian bitcoin mogul agrees to US extradition over BitMEX scandal. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/business/markets/australian-bitcoin-mogul-agrees-to-us-extradition-20210915-p58rtn.html

Endnote reference type

Newspaper article

Elements of the reference

Title of article. (Year, Month Day). Newspaper Title – italicised, Page number(s) - if available. URL or DOI address - if available

In-text citation

• Month Day not included in in-text reference

("Social media and young people", 2011)

Reference list 

Social media and young people. (2011, May 15). The Courier Mail, 22.

Endnote reference type

Newspaper article

Elements of the reference

Author(s) – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple author. (Year, Month Day - if available). Title of article - italicised. Name of News Website. URL

In-text citation

• Month Day not included in in-text reference

(McGhee & Burt, 2019) OR McGhee and Burt (2019) argued that ....

Reference list 

McGhee, R. & Burt, J. (2019, November 22). Bushfire crisis costing Queensland and northern NSW millions. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-22/queensland-bushfire-crisis-nsw-fires-cost-insurance-damage-bill/11725920

Endnote reference type

Newspaper article

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title - in italics [Press release]. URL

In-text citation

(Office of Fair Trading, 2018) OR According to the Office of Fair Trading (2018) ...

Reference list

Office of Fair Trading. (2018, August 17). Community groups key to seniors staying engaged [Press release]. https://www.qld.gov.au/law/laws-regulated-industries-and-accountability/queensland-laws-and-regulations/fair-trading-services-programs-and-resources/fair-trading-latest-news/media-statements/community-groups-key-to-seniors-staying-engaged

EndNote reference type

Press release

Newsletter

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Article title. Newsletter Title - italicised, number [if available]. URL of specific document

In-text citation

(Gordon, 2010) OR Gordon (2010) states ...

Reference list

Gordon, R. (2010). The passage of trauma through life. ACCSA Aware, 24. https://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n24.html

Reference list example with no author

Southern Cross University: First regional training in osteopathy. (2009, October). Discover SCU. https://discover.scu.edu.au/2009/issue10/index.php/9/

Endnote reference type

Newspaper Article - if there is no author enter the name of the Newsletter in the Reporter field as well as the Newspaper field.

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day - if available). Article title. Magazine Name - italicised, volume - italicised(Issue - if available), Page(s) - if available. DOI or URL - if available

In-text citation

• Month Day not included in in-text citation.

(Flora, 2017) OR Flora (2017) has found that ....

Reference list 

Flora, C. (2017, September 5). The hardest word. Psychology Today, 50(5). https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201709/the-hardest-word?collection=1105674

If any elements eg. page numbers are missing, leave them out.

Endnote reference type

Magazine article

• These can include:
• personal interviews
• meetings
• emails
• letters
• memos
• phone conversations
• text messages
• confidential documents
• content from private networks or platforms
• personal communications are NOT included in the reference list. They are only added as an in-text citation.

• Not included in the reference list 

In-text citation

Person - initial(s). last name (personal communication, Month Day, Year)

J. T. Lewis (personal communication, May 14, 2018) OR (K. Taylor, personal communication, March 17, 2019)

• If it is a published interview, use the reference type in which you found the interview eg. online video, newspaper article
• For an interview you conduct, use the personal communication reference type format.

• Not included in reference list

In-text citation

• Do not cite individually, because this could compromise confidentiality.

Quote anonymously, for example, “Participant A said”.

• Group authors can be an organisation, professional association, company, government department
• Include the full name of the group the first time it is used. The abbreviation is included in square brackets.
• If the abbreviation is well known, it can be included for subsequent uses.

In-text Example:

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund ([UNICEF], 2018)

(United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund [UNICEF], 2018)

• The full group name should be used in the reference list.

• When a government agency, department, or branch is the (group) author, use the most specific agency as the author, if more than one layer of government agency is displayed.

Elements of the reference

• Check the title or cover page for the author; if a person is named on the title page, use them as the author. If applicable, include the name of the group as part of the source element.

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of report - italicised  (Report number - if available). Publisher - include if different to author. URL

In-text citation

(Curnock & Marshall, 2019) OR Curnock and Marshall (2019) show that ...

Reference list

Curnock, M., & Marshall, N. (2019). Changes in the state of Great Barrier Reef tourism from 2013 to 2017. CSIRO. https://doi.org/10.25919/5d029d3964301

EndNote reference type

Report

• The  author and publisher must be recorded as they appeared when the document was published.

Elements of the reference

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of report - italicised (Report number - if available). Publisher - include if different to author. URL

In-text citation

(The Coca-Cola Company, 2017) OR The Coca-Cola Company (2017) has found that ....

Reference list

The Coca-Cola Company. (2017). 2016 sustainability report. http://www.coca-colacompany.com/content/dam/journey/us/en/private/fileassets/pdf/2017/2016-sustainability/2016-Sustainability-Report-The-Coca-Cola-Company.pdf

EndNote reference type

Report

Elements of the reference

Treat brochures, pamphlets, fact sheets etc. like report references. Indicate the type of publication in square brackets after the title, unless the publication type is included in the title. Do not add the Publisher if it is the same as the author.

• Do not change or correct nonstandard spelling and capitalisation.
• Include any links or hashtags.
• If emojis are used, replicate them where possible or include its name in square brackets. For example, [winking face].
• For further information on X references see X References.

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Content or caption of the post - up to the first 20 words - italicised [Image attached - if needed] [Content form eg. Video, Status update, Infographic]. Social media service eg. Facebook. URL - short URL can be used

In-text citation

(Southern Cross University, 2021) OR Southern Cross University (2021) found that....

Reference list

Southern Cross University. (2021, September 14). Southern Cross lecturer and researcher Dr Benjamin Mos has been fishing out amazing research at the National Marine Science Centre [Status update].Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/southerncrossuniversity 

EndNote reference type

Social media

Elements of the reference

Group author  or Individual author(s) – last name, initial(s) OR group name. (Year). Title of page - italicised (eg. Home, Photos) [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

In-text citation

(Southern Cross University Library, n.d.) OR Southern Cross University Library (n.d.) mentioned that....

Reference list

Southern Cross University Library. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Retrieved September 15, 2021, from https://www.facebook.com/SouthernCrossUniLibrary

EndNote reference type

Social media

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s) [X Name]. (Year, Month Day). Content or caption of the post – up to the first 20 words - italicised [image attached - if needed] [Post]. X. URL

In-text citation

(SCU Library, 2021) OR SCU Library (2021) noted that...

Reference list

SCU Library [@SCULibrary]. (2021, September 6). The library has identified 21 OER texts adopted across @SCUonline faculties since 2020 [Image attached] [Post]. X. https://x.com/SCULibrary/status/1434657528441294848

EndNote reference type

Social media - add Image Attached to Original Post field.

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s) - use & to combine authors [Instagram name]. (Year, Month Day). Title or content up to first 20 words - italicised [Photograph(s)]. Instagram. URL

In-text citation

(Southern Cross Uni Library, 2021) OR Southern Cross Uni Library (2021) showed that...

Reference list

Southern Cross Uni Library [sculibrary]. (2021, September 13). Visit the Library's homepage to access a range of library services, including our catalogue, help via chat, bookings and referencing guides. [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CTwCyprv6-o/

EndNote reference type

Social media

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s) - use & to combine authors [Instagram name]. (Year, Month Day). Title or content up to first 20 words - italicised [Video]. Instagram. URL

In-text citation

(Southern Cross Uni Library, 2021) OR Southern Cross Uni Library (2021) showed that...

Reference list

Southern Cross Uni Library [sculibrary]. (2021, Jue 28). Welcome to Session Two [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/tv/CQpvn7oltYy/?hl=en

EndNote reference type

Social media

EndNote tips

• Add title to Post text field
• Add Month Day to Post Date field
• Add username to Handle field

Elements of the reference

Author - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of post comment or up to first 20 words [Comment on the article "Article or post title"]. Blog title - italicised. URL

In-text citation

(Hordofa, 2019) OR Hordofa (2019)

Reference list

• Use name of person making comment as author
• Include title of comment or up to first 20 words of comment as title
• Shortened web address can be used

Hordofa, A. B. (2019, October 9). I am very interested to read it and congratulates the author for the finding! [Comment on the post "In the eye of the beholder: Why you should care about color blindness when designing scientific images"]. Elsevier Researcher Academy. https://www.elsevier.com/connect/authors-update/in-the-eye-of-the-beholder

EndNote reference type

Blog

• Software or apps that are common (to your field or audience) do not need to have in-text citations and reference list entries. Just include the full software or app name and the version in brackets (if relevant). For example, Covidence (Version 2).
• If they have limited access or distribution, the in-text citation and reference list entries are required. Please see the examples below.
• If you have quoted or paraphrased from software or an app, they also need to use an in-text citation and include a reference list entry.
• If you used a website to create something like a survey, include the website name and address in text. For example - We used SurveyMonkey (https://www.surveymonkey.com) to create our survey. An in-text citation and including a reference list entry isn't required.

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of software - italicised (Version ver. number) [Computer software]. Publisher. URL

In-text citation

(Psychology Software Tools, 2021) OR Psychology Software Tools (2021) found that ....

Reference list

Psychology Software Tools. (2021). E-Prime (Version 3.0) [Computer software]. Psychology Software Tools. https://pstnet.com/products/e-prime/

EndNote reference type

Computer program

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of software - italicised (Version ver. number) [Mobile app]. Apple Store OR Google Play. URL

In-text citation

(Psycnet Software, 2020) OR Psycnet Software (2020) found that ....

Reference list

Psycnet Software. (2020). The psychology blog (Version 2.0) [Mobile app]. Google Play. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.newandromo.dev7998.app965243 

EndNote reference type

Computer program

Elements of the reference

Group Author. (Year). Document title: Subtitle. URL of document

In-text citation - same author in same year

(Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2016a) OR According to the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (2016a) ...

(Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2016b, p. 4) OR  ... as noted by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia ( 2016b, p. 4).

In-text citation - group author, with acronym

First citation: (Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency [AHPRA], 2019) OR The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA, 2019) ...

Subsequent citation: (AHPRA, 2019) OR AHPRA (2019) indicates ...

Reference list - same author in same year

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016a). Enrolled nurse standards for practice. https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-GuidelinesStatements/Professional-standards.aspx

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016b). Registered nurse standards for practice. https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-GuidelinesStatements/Professional-standards.aspx

[Note: for documents with the same group author and year, list alphabetically by title in the reference list, and add the suffix a, b, etc after the year.]

Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. (2019). Social media: How to meet your obligations under the National Law. https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/CodesGuidelines-Statements/Codes-Guidelines/Social-media-guidance.aspx

EndNote reference type

Report

Elements of the reference

Title of entry. (Year - use n.d. if no year available). In Title of work - italicised. (Retrieved month day, year, from - if no year available) URL of the homepage of the work

[Note: for drug information from non-library sources, include [Drug information] after the article title]

In-text citation - examples

("Amoxicillin", 2022)

("Paracetemol", 2021)

Reference list - examples

Amoxicillin. (2022). In Australian medicines handbook. https://amhonline.amh.net.au

Paracetamol. (2021). In Australian injectable drugs handbook (8th ed.). https://www.shpa.org.au/AIDH_8th_edition 

EndNote reference type

Electronic book section - if required, convert to plain text, and add retrieval date

Elements of the reference - Manual as a whole

Group Author. (Year). Title of book (edition). (Publisher not required if same as author) DOI in the format https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx)

Elements of the reference - section of the Manual

Group Author. (Year). Title of section. In Title of book (edition). DOI in the format https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx)

In-text citation

(American Psychiatric Association, 2013) OR According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013) ...

Reference list - Manual as a whole

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Reference list - section of the Manual

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Dissociative disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi-org.ezproxy.scu.edu.au/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm08

EndNote reference type

Electronic book; Electronic book section

Drugs Information

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Chapter (drug) title. Database title. (Retrieved month day, year, from - if no year available) URL of the database homepage

In-text citation; in-text citation with direct quote

(McEvoy, 2019) OR McEvoy (2019) describes...

(McEvoy, 2019, Drug Interactions) OR McEvoy (2019, Drug Interactions) lists ....

Reference list

McEvoy, G. K. (2019). Abatacept. Rehabilitation Reference Center. https://health.ebsco.com/products/rehabilitation-reference-center

EndNote reference type

Journal article

Clinical Review

Elements of the reference

Author(s) -  last name, initial(s). (Year). Article title [Clinical review]. Database title, pages (use page range on PDF). URL of the database homepage

In-text citation

(Cable & Wiemer, 2019) OR Cable and Wiemer (2019) indicate ...

Reference list

Cable, A., & Wiemer, H. (2019). Augmentative and alternative communication: Aphasia [Clinical review]. Rehabilitation Reference Center, 1-15. https://health.ebsco.com/products/rehabilitation-reference-center

EndNote reference type

Journal article - convert to plain text, and add [Clinical review] after the article title

Best Practice Information Sheet

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of article [Best practice information sheet]. Source, volume(issue), pages (use page range of PDF). URL of the database homepage

In-text citation

(Marin, 2020) OR According to Marin (2020) ...

Reference list

Marin, T. (2020). Effect of educational and support interventions on long-term breastfeeding rates in primiparous women [Best practice information sheet]. Joanna Briggs Institute EBP Database, 22(1), 1-5. http://www.joannabriggs.org

EndNote reference type

Journal article - convert to plain text, and add [Best practice information sheet] after the article title

Evidence Summary

Elements of the reference 

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of article [Evidence summary]. Source, pages (use page range of PDF). URL of the database homepage

In-text citation

(Lizarondo, 2021) OR Lizarondo (2021) suggests ...

 Reference list

Lizarondo, L. (2021). Tourette Syndrome (children and adults): Dietary interventions [Evidence summary]. Joanna Briggs Institute EBP Database, 1-2. http://www.joannabriggs.org

EndNote reference type

Journal article - convert to plain text and add [Evidence summary] after the article title

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of article. Database title. DOI in the format https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

In-text citation

(Singh et al., 2012) OR Singh et al. (2012) describe ...

 Reference list

Singh, J., Kour, K., & Jayaram Mahesh, B. (2012). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007967.pub2

EndNote reference type

Journal article

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year, month). Protocol title (Version/protocol number, if provided). Organisation (if not group author). URL of document

In-text citation - individual author

(Wilkinson et al., 2012) OR As indicated by Wilkinson et al. (2012) ...

Reference list - individual author

Wilkinson, N., Welsh, R., Kendall, E., & Inness, E. (2012, July). Prescription chart: Cyclophosphamide & rituximab regimen for systemic vasculitis (Version 2.0). Oxford University Hospitals. https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/oxparc/professionals/documents/Finaldraft-cyclo__ritux1710123.pdf

In-text citation - group author

(Minnesota Hospital Association, 2012) OR According to the Minnesota Hospital Association (2012) ....

Reference list - group author

Minnesota Hospital Association. (2012, March). Hypoglycemia: Adult management protocol. https://www.mnhospitals.org/Portals/0/Documents/ptsafety/ade/adult-hypoglycemia-management-protocol.pdf

EndNote reference type

Web page

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of original/review article. Database Title, volume(issue), pages. URL of database homepage

In-text citation - original article

(Buder, 2015) OR Buder (2015) concludes ...

Reference list - original article

Buder, A. (2015). Implementation of delayed cord clamping in the active management of the third stage of labour. MIDIRS Midwifery Digest, 25(2), 211-217. https://www.midirs.org/ 

In-text citation - review article

(Pearson, 2016) OR A further point is made by Pearson (2016) ...

Reference list - review article

Pearson, M. (2016). A physiological approach to the timing of umbilical cord clamping at birth [Review of "A physiological approach to the timing of umbilical cord clamping at birth," by S. B. Hooper, G. R. Polglase, & A. B. te Pas]. MIDIRS Midwifery Digest, 26(1), 74-75. https://www.midirs.com/

EndNote reference type

Journal article

In-text citation

• If you just mention the test in your text (i.e. no in-text citation required), ensure you capitalise the title, using title case. Do not italicise.
• If the test is known by its acronym, introduce it at the first use of the test in your text, unless you are only referring to the test once in your work.

Reference list

• Provide an entry for the test itself only if there is no manual or other supporting literature to cite. If a manual is available for a test, cite the manual (as per example below).

Elements of the reference - manual (hard copy test)

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Test Title: Technical manual/Examiner's manual (edition/version). Publisher.

Elements of the reference - online test

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Test Title (edition/version). URL of homepage of work

In-text citation - manual (hard copy test)

(Bishop, 2003, p. 5) OR According to Bishop (2003, p. 5) ...

Reference list  - manual (hard copy test)

Bishop, D. V. M. (2003). Test for Reception of Grammar: Technical manual (Version 2). Pearson Assessment.

In-text citation - online test

(Project Implicit., n.d., pp. 21-22) OR In Project Implicit (n.d., pp. 21-22) ...

Reference list - online test

Project Implicit. (n.d.). Gender-Science IAT. https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html

EndNote reference type

Book - convert to plain text and add the Version after the title

Osteopathic journals

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Magazine/Journal Title, page range. URL of magazine/journal home page [if viewed online]

[Note: Some of the historical journal articles do not possess both volume and issue numbers.]

In-text citation

(Booth, 1901) OR Booth (1901) ...

Reference list

Booth, E. R. (1901, June). Advancement in medicine from the drug stand-point. Journal of Osteopathy, 167-169. https://www.atsu.edu/museum-of-osteopathic-medicine/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/JournalofOsteopathy1901June.pdf

EndNote reference type

Journal article

Osteopathic yearbooks (print)

Sections of the American Academy of Osteopathy 52 AAO yearbooks from 1938-1998 DVD can be referenced as chapters in an edited book. 

Elements of the reference

Author(s) (of chapter) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Chapter title. In Editor(s) - initial(s). Last name (Ed. or Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (pp. page range of chapter). Publisher.

In-text citation

(Magoun, 1962) OR Magoun (1962) ...

Reference list

Magoun, H. I. (1962). Headaches of localized vascular origin. In M. W. Barnes (Ed.), 1962 Year book of selected osteopathic papers (pp 121-126). American Academy of Osteopathy.

EndNote reference type

Book section

Elements of the reference

Author(s) (of chapter) - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Chapter title. In Publication Title. Publisher. URL

In-text citation

(Federico & Krishnamurthy, 2020) OR ... as noted by Federico and Krishnamurthy (2020) .

Reference list

Federico, J. R., & Krishnamurthy, K. (2020, August 28). Albinism. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519018/

EndNote reference type

Electronic book section

Elements of the reference

Title of entry. (Year - use n.d. if no year available). In Database Title. URL of database homepage

In-text citation

("Providing palliative care in the community", 2016)

[Note: Double quotation marks are included for the title in in-text reference if title is not italicised in reference list eg. article title, chapter title.]

Reference list

Providing palliative care in the community. (2016). In Therapeutic Guidelines. https://www.tg.org.au/

EndNote reference type

Electronic book section

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of article. Database title. DOI in the format https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

In-text citation

(Wang et al., 2012) OR Wang et al. (2012) describe ...

Reference list

Wang J, Nie B, Xiong W, Xu Y. (2012). Effect of long-acting beta-agonists on the frequency of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01285.x

EndNote reference type

Electronic book section

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of article. Database title. Retrieved month day, year, from URL 

In-text citation

(Bordeaux & Lieberman, 2020) OR Bordeaux and Lieberman (2020) stated that...

[Note: Include a retrieval date because articles in the UpToDate database have information that changes over time, and versions of the page are not archived.]

Reference list

Bordeaux, B., & Lieberman, H. R. (2020). Benefits and risks of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. UpToDate. Retrieved February 26, 2023, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/benefits-and-risks-of-caffeine-and-caffeinated-beverages

EndNote reference type

Electronic book section

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year - use n.d. if no year available). Title (of article). Database title. Retrieved month day, year, from URL  

In-text citation

(Naturopathic Product Database, n.d.). OR Naturopathic Product Database (n.d.) stated that...

Reference list

Naturopathic Product Database. (n.d.). Extemporaneous dispensing. nPod. Retrieved August 12, 2024. https://www.npod.com.au 

EndNote reference type

Electronic book section

[Note: these reference elements are applicable for databases such as nPod, Physiotherapy Desk Reference and Natural Medicines]

• Author - the person or organisation that uploaded the video (even if they did not create the actual content)
• Date - provide the specific date on which the video was uploaded.
• Time stamp - include a time stamp in the in-text citation when quoting directly from an audiovisual work 

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author - last name, initial(s) [Username - if available]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video - italicised [Video]. Site name. URL

In-text citation

(O'Brien, 2017) OR O'Brien (2017) demonstrated that ....

In-text citation - direct quote

(Gallagher, 2016, 00:06:17) OR Gallagher (2016, 00:06:17) concluded that ....

Reference list

O’Brien, B. [Brenna O]. (2017, May 5). NVivo 11 training - full video (5/4/17) - updated [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNo-Qxsp-mk

Example other streaming video

EndNote reference type

Social media

EndNote tips

• Add title to Post text field
• Add Month Day to Post Date field
• Add username to Handle field
• Add sitename to Provider field

Elements of the reference

Username - exactly as posted. (Year, Month Day). Title of video - italicised [Video]. Site name (eg. YouTube). URL

In-text citation

(ssiconamed, 2013) OR ssiconamed (2013) noted that ....

In-text citation - direct quote

(pdhpe.net, 2017, 01:05:20) OR pdhpe.net (2017, 01:05:20) noted that ....

Reference list

ssiconamed. (2013, July 5). Tutorial NVivo [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AtFisYXo9k

EndNote reference type

Social media

EndNote tips

• Add title to Post text field
• Add Month Day to Post Date field
• Add sitename to Provider field

Note: When a TED Talk comes from TED's website, use the name of the speaker as the author.

Elements of the reference

Speaker - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month OR Year, Month Day). Title of the talk - italicised [Video]. TED Conferences. URL

In-text citation

(Giertz, 2018) OR Giertz (2018) shows ...

In-text citation - direct quote

(Lipton, 2018, 00:05:40) OR Lipton (2018, 00:05:40) asked ...

Reference list

Giertz, S. (2018, April). Why you should make useless things [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/simone_giertz_why_you_should_ make_useless_things

EndNote reference type

Social media

EndNote tips

• Add title to Post text field
• Add Month Day to Post Date field
• Add sitename to Provider field

Note: When the TED Talk is on YouTube, list the owner of the YouTube account as the author to aid in retrieval.

When the speaker is not listed as the author, integrate their name into the narrative, e.g. Brown explained that ... (TED, 2012).

Note: Use this format only for recorded, retrievable webinars. Cite unrecorded webinars as personal communications.

• Each table needs to be numbered in the order in which they appear in the document eg. Table 1, Table 2.
• Always refer to a table by their number. Statements such as “in the table below” or "the table shown on page 78” should not be used.
• Provide each table with a brief but explanatory title. This should appear below the table number.
• A table note (caption) should be included the bottom of the table to acknowledge that the table has been reproduced from another source. 
• If a table is being reproduced for inclusion in a work which is being published, you must seek permission from the copyright holder. This permission must also be included in the table note (caption). The word “Note” is included at the start in italics.
• "Note" is used in place of in-text reference.
• Include the full reference in the reference list.
• Check out some table examples. 

• If the table has been reprinted, include "Reprinted with permission" after copyright statement.
• If the table has been adapted, include "Adapted with permission" after copyright statement.

Journal Article:

Elements of the table note

Note. From (use if reprinted) or Adapted from “Title of Article,” by Author first name - initial(s). Author - last name and Author first name - initial(s). Author - last name, Year, Title of Journal, Volume(Issue - if available), p. xx. (DOI or URL - if available). Copyright statement.

Example table note 

Note. From "Using a Gratitude Intervention to Enhance Well-Being in Older Adults" by A. Killen and A. Macaskill, 2015, Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), p. 955. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9542-3). Copyright 2014 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. Reprinted with permission.

In-text reference

An in-text reference is not used. The table note is used instead. 

Reference list

Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9542-3

EndNote reference type

Journal article

EndNote tips

• To ensure the in-text reference does not appear, in Word, insert the in-text citation as usual. Highlight the reference, go to "Edit and Management Citations" and in the "Formatting" menu, click on "Show Only in Bibliography" then on "OK".

Book:

Elements of the table note

Note. From (for reprinted) Adapted from Title of Book (any edition or volume information, p. xxx), by Author - first name initial(s). Author - last name and Author - first name initial(s). Author - last name, Year, Publisher. (DOI or URL - if available). Copyright statement.

Example table note 

Note. Adapted from Systematic reviews in health care: A practical guide (p. 83), by P. Glaszious, L. Irwig, C. Bain and G. Colditz, 2001, Cambridge University Press. Copyright 2001 by Cambridge University Press. Adapted with permission.

In-text reference

An in-text reference is not used. The table note is used instead.

Reference list

Glaszious, P., Irwig, L., Bain, C., & Colditz, G. (2001). Systematic reviews in health care: A practical guide. Cambridge University Press.

EndNote reference type

Book

EndNote tips

• To ensure the in-text reference does not appear, in Word, insert the in-text citation as usual. Highlight the reference, go to "Edit and Management Citations" and in the "Formatting" menu, click on "Show Only in Bibliography" then on "OK".

Book Chapter:

Elements of the table note

Note. From (or reprint) or Adapted from “Title of Chapter,” by Author first name - initial(s). Author - last name and Author - first name - initial(s). Author - last name, in Editor - first name initial(s). Editor - last name (Ed.), Title of Book (any edition or volume information, p. xxx), Year, Publisher. (DOI or URL - if available). Copyright statement.

Example table note 

Note. From "Evidence About Diagnosis" by J. Doust, in T. Hoffman, S. Bennett and C. Del Mar (Eds), Evidence-Based Practice: Across the Health Professions (p.141), 2010, Elsevier Australia. Copyright 2010 by Elsevier Australia. Reprinted with permission.

In-text reference

An in-text reference is not used. The table note is used instead.

Reference list

Doust, J. (2010). Evidence about diagnosis. In T. Hoffman, S. Bennett, & C. Del Mar (Eds.), Evidence-based practice: Across the health professions (pp. 128-144). Elsevier Australia.

EndNote reference type

Book chapter

EndNote tips

• To ensure the in-text reference does not appear, in Word, insert the in-text citation as usual. Highlight the reference, go to "Edit and Management Citations" and in the "Formatting" menu, click on "Show Only in Bibliography" then on "OK".

Website:

Elements of the table note

Note. From (if reprinted) or Adapted from “Title of Web Document,” by Author - first name initial(s). Author - last name and Author - first name initial(s). Author - last name, Year (URL). Copyright statement. 

Example table note 

Note. From "Health is not the same for everyone" by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016 (https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/australias-health-2016-in-brief/contents/health-is-not-the-same-for-everyone). Copyright 2016 by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Reprinted with permission.

In-text reference

An in-text reference is not used. The table note is used instead.

Reference list

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2016). Health is not the same for everyone. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/australias-health-2016-in-brief/contents/health-is-not-the-same-for-everyone

EndNote reference type

Web Page

EndNote tips

• To ensure the in-text reference does not appear, in Word, insert the in-text citation as usual. Highlight the reference, go to "Edit and Management Citations" and in the "Formatting" menu, click on "Show Only in Bibliography" then on "OK"

Elements of the reference

Author - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of thesis – italicised [Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Institution]. Archive name. URL

In-text citation

(Gyenes, 2017) OR Gyenes (2017) found that ....

Reference list

Gyenes, T. (2017). Arguing with technology: Teaching and learning argumentative writing in the digital age English classroom [Doctoral dissertation, Southern Cross University]. Southern Cross Research Portal. https://researchportal.scu.edu.au/esploro/outputs/991012821469702368

EndNote reference type

Thesis - add Archive Name to Name of Database field

Elements of the reference

Author - last name, initials. (Year). Title of thesis – italicised (Publication No. - if available) [Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Institution]. Database Name. 

In-text citation

(Leigh, 2010) OR Leigh (2010) reported that ....

Reference list

Leigh, J. (2010). Self-determined mindfulness and attachment style in college students (Publication No. 305210119) [Doctoral dissertation, Indiana State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

EndNote reference type

Thesis - add Publication Number to Document Number field

• An unpublished thesis is one which can only be retrieved from the institution's library.

Elements of the reference

Author - last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of thesis – italicised [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation/DBA/Masters thesis]. Name of institution.

In-text citation

(Baker, 2008) OR Baker (2008) found that ....

Reference list

Baker, C. A. (2008). The seduction of loss [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Southern Cross University.

EndNote reference type

Thesis -  add Institution Name to Name of Database field

Unpublished integrated project

• The integrated projects - Bachelor of Applied Science (Coastal Management) are available in the Lismore Campus Library, call number 333.7 PROJ

Elements of the reference

Author - last name, initial(s). (Year). Integrated project title [Unpublished integrated project]. Name of Institution.

In-text citation

(Steel, 2000) OR Steel (2000)

Reference list

Steel, F. J. (2000). Koala populations in Lismore: Impacts and management [Unpublished integrated project]. Southern Cross University.

EndNote reference type

Unpublished Work

• Use to reference all types of museum artwork (e.g. paintings, sculptures, photographs, prints, drawings and installations). 
• Describe the medium of format in square brackets after the title. For untitled art, include a description in square brackets in place of a title.

Elements of the reference 

Creator(s) of artwork – last name, initial(s). (Year). Title of artwork - italicised [Medium OR Format]. Name and the Location of the Museum. URL of the artwork if available

In-text citation

(Pollock, 1952) OR Pollock (1952) shows ...

Reference list 

Delacroix, E. (1826-1827). Faust attempt to seduce Marguerite [Lithograph]. The Louvre, Paris, France.

Pollock, J. (1952). Blue poles [Painting]. National Galley of Austraila, Canberra, Australia. https://nga.gov.au/international/catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=36334&ViewID=2&GalID=ALL&MnuID=1

Endnote reference type

Artwork

Elements of the reference 

Elements of the reference

Author(s) of page – last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month Day - if available). Title of page - italicised. Website Name. URL

In-text citation

(Rackham, 2021) OR Rackham (2021) mentioned that ....

Reference list

• Note: If there is no specific day or month, these can be left out eg. Rackham, M. (2021). OR Rackham, M. (2021, September).

Rackham, M. (2021, September 3). Barbara Hanrahan: An Australian feminist artist you need to know. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/barbara-hanrahan-an-australian-feminist-artist-you-need-to-know-166664

Endnote reference type

Web Page - add Month Day to Last Update Date field if needed.

Elements of the reference

Group author. (Year, Month Day - if available). Title of page - italicised. Website Name - if needed. URL

[Note: omit the website name if the author and website name are the same.]

In-text citation

(Mayo Clinic, 2020) OR Mayo Clinic (2020) stated that ....

Reference list

• Note: If there is no specific day or month, these can be left out eg. Mayo Clinic. (2020) OR Mayo Clinic. (2020, November).

Mayo Clinic. (2020, November 17). Hamstring injury. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hamstring-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20372985

Endnote reference type

Web Page - add Month Day to Last Update Date field if needed.

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s). (n.d.). Title of page - italicised. Website Name - if needed. URL

[Note: omit the website name if the author and website name are the same.]

In-text citation

(Royal Institute of British Architects, n.d.) OR According to the Royal Institute of British Architects (n.d.) ...

Reference list 

Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Shaping the future: Careers in architecture. http://ww.careersinarchitecture.net/

Endnote reference type

Web Page

• If the information on the page/site is likely or designed to change over time (e.g. dictionary entry, Twitter profile, Facebook page), and there is no archived version available, provide a retrieval date.

Elements of the reference

Group author or Individual author(s) - last name, initial(s) - use & for multiple authors. (Year, Month Day - if available). Title of page - italicised. Other relevant elements depending on the reference type. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

In-text citation

(U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.)

Reference list

U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved July 3, 2019, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/

Endnote reference type

Web Page

Elements of the reference

Author(s) - last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Blog Name - italicised. URL

In-text citation

(Conaboy, 2021) OR Conaboy (2021) stated that ....

Reference list

Conaboy, K. (2021, September 11). Miranda Kerr has always wanted a bathtub in her bedroom. Gawker. https://www.gawker.com/celebrity/miranda-kerr-has-always-wanted-a-bathtub-in-her-bedroom

Endnote reference type

Blog

Elements of the reference

Title of entry. (Year, Month Date or n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved Month Date, Year - if needed, URL

In-text citation

("Psychology", 2021) OR "Psychology" (2021)

Reference list

• Use archived version (click on "View History" to check). Include listed date in (Year, Month Date) section.

• If no archived version available, use n.d. in (Year) and include Retrieved information (as below)

Archived Version Available:

Psychology. (2021, September 6). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

No Archived Version:

Psychology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

Endnote reference type

Archived Version:

Electronic book section

No Archived Version:

Dictionary