Elements of a reference for a web page/document on the web:
Date: Do not use the copyright date on the web page as the publication date for specific content/documents on that site. If multiple dates are provided, use the most recent date on which the content was changed (or updated/revised). A review date should not be used, as this implies that the information was not changed.
If referring to general information (that is unlikely to change) on the web page, then use the copyright date for the publication date.
Title: Do not italicise the title of the web page, unless it is a specific or stand alone document. If unclear, use your own judgement, but err on the side of not italicising.
General Format
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])
References:
Personal or Corporate Author. (Last update or date of revision/modification; if not known, put n.d.). Title of specific/stand alone document. Retrieved from URL of specific document
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Beard, 2006)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Beard, 2006, para. 12)
References:
Beard, M. (2006). The fall of the Roman Republic. Retrieved from BBC website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/fallofroman republic_article_01.shtml
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Diabetes Australia, n.d.)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Diabetes Australia, n.d., para. 1)
References:
Diabetes Australia. (n.d.). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Retrieved from https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islanders
Basic elements of a reference for a report:
Note: Only include the name of the publishing organisation in the retrieval information, when the publisher is not identified as the authorl.
General Format
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Group/Author surname, Year) OR (Group/Author surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Group/Author, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])
References:
Name of Group/Individual Author. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report No. xxx [if available]). Retrieved from publisher/group website (if different to author): URL of specific document
Example 1 (group author)
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(The Lowitja Institute , 2020)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(The Lowitja Institute, 2020, p. 6)
References:
The Lowitja Institute. (2020). Close the gap. Retrieved from https://www.lowitja.org.au/content/Document/CtG2020_FINAL4_WEB%20(1).pdf
Example 2 (individual author)
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Mnenwa & Maliti, 2008)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Mnenwa & Maliti, 2008, p. 8)
References:
Mnenwa, R., & Maliti, E. (2008). The role of small business in poverty alleviation: The case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Research Report No. 08.2). Retrieved from Research on Poverty Alleviation Africa Portal website: https://media.africaportal.org/documents/08.2_Mnenwa_and_Maliti_.pdf
For help in referencing professional documents, please refer to the document (using Nursing examples) below.
Helpful Tip
When citing sources that you find on the Internet you only need to include a retrieval date if the information you viewed is likely to change over time (p. 192). If you reference an article from a wiki, for example, you would want to include a retrieval date because information in a wiki can be subject to a lot of change.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, n.d.) OR (Author Surname, n.d., page or paragraph number [if available])
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname, n.d., page or paragraph number [if available])
References:
Personal or Corporate Author. (n.d.). Title of specific document. Retrieved from URL of specific document
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Royal Institute of British Architects, n.d.)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Royal Institute of British Architects, n.d., para. 3)
References:
Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Shaping the future: Careers in architecture. Retrieved from http://ww.careersinarchitecture.net/
General Format
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname OR Screen name, Year)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname OR Screen name, Year)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Author screen name {as it appears on the blog}. (Year, Month Day {of post}). Title of specific post [Blog post]. Retrieved from URL of specific post
Blog post v. blog comment:
If it is the original blog post, use [Blog post]. If it is a reply or comment made to the original post, use [Blog comment].
For blog comments, you can use the screen name of the author, if the personal name is not available, and add Re: in front of the title of the post, to which it relates.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Hagon, 2009)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Hagon, 2009)
References:
Hagon, P. (2009, September 27). Immediate sharing [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.paulhagon.com/ blog/2009/09/27/immediate-sharing/
General Format
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])
References:
Title. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Retrieved date, from the title of the wiki: URL of specific document
Example
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
("Psychometric assessment," n.d.)
("Psychometric assessment," n.d., para. 5)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
("Psychometric assessment," n.d., para. 2)
References:
Psychometric assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2007, from the Psychology Wiki: http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Psychometric_assessment
For help with referencing Twitter updates or tweets, and Facebook pages, notes or status updates, refer to the APA style guide to electronic references (pp. 33-34).
General Format
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Year) OR
(Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Article title. Newsletter title, number [if available]. Retrieved from URL of specific document
Example - with author
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Gordon, 2010)
(Gordon, 2010. para. 9)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Gordon, 2010. para. 5)
References:
Gordon, R. (2010). The passage of trauma through life. ACCSA Aware, 24. Retrieved from http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n24.html
Example - without author
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
("Southern Cross University", 2009)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
("Southern Cross University", 2009)
References:
Southern Cross University: First regional training in osteopathy. (2009, October). Discover SCU. Retrieved from http://discover.scu.edu.au/2009/issue10/index.php/9/
Acknowledgement: Video produced by SCU Academic Skills 2018.
A website consists of a collection of web pages provided by a person or organisation; all the pages trace back to a common URL, and usually are hyperlinked to each other.
If referring to a website, in a general way, include the URL of the website in parentheses in the text immediately afterwards; there is no need to include in the References list.
A web page is a computer file on the web, which includes text, images and/or other forms of data.
If referring to an individual web page with a name (e.g. About us) or a document on a web page with a title (or multiple pages from a website), you must reference each page both in the text and in the References list.
If there is no individual author associated with the page/document, select the host organisation as the corporate author.
Do not use the copyright date on the web page as the publication date for specific content/documents on that site. If multiple dates are provided, use the most recent date on which the content was changed (or updated/revised). A review date should not be used, as this implies that the information was not changed.
If referring to general information (that is unlikely to change) on the web page, then use the copyright date for the publication date.
Please see this APA blog post for further information: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2014/10/what-a-tangled-web-website-versus-webpage.html
When citing sources that you find on the Internet you only need to include a retrieval date if the information you viewed is likely to change over time (p. 192). If you reference an article from a wiki, for example, you would want to include a retrieval date because information in a wiki can be subject to a lot of change.
