Basic elements of a book reference:
The general format below refers to a book with one author. If the book is edited, refer to the Chapter in edited book/ebook tab in this box.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname, Year, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname, Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Mayer, 2010)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Mayer, 2010, p. 10)
References:
Mayer, D. (2010). Essential evidence-based medicine (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Prosser, 2011)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Prosser, 2011, p. 16)
References:
Prosser, I. P. (Ed.). (2011). Water: Science and solutions for Australia. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
The general format below refers to a book with two authors. If the book is edited, refer to the Chapter in edited book/ebook tab in this box.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname & Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname & Author Surname, Year, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname & Author Surname, Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Abigail & Cahn, 2011)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Abigail & Cahn, 2011, p. 219)
References:
Abigail, R., & Cahn, D. (2011). Managing conflict through communication (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Maher & Cooper, 2008)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Maher & Cooper, 2008, p. 30)
References:
Maher, K., & Cooper, B. (Eds.). (2008). National standards of practice for case management. Melbourne, Australia: Case Management Society of Australia.
The general format below refers to a book with three authors. If the book is edited, refer to the Chapter in edited book/ebook tab in this box.
For a book with four or five authors, you would add the additional authors' names after the first three.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year, page number)
NOTE: Although the first in-text citation for a work with three to five authors/editors includes all of the names of the authors/editors, subsequent citations include only the first author's/editor's surname, followed by et al. and the year.
In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):
(Author Surname, Author Surname, & Author Surname, Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Glasgow, McNary, & Hicks, 2006)
NOTE: A subsequent citation would appear as (Glasgow et al., 1999)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Glasgow, McNary, & Hicks, 2006, p. 59)
References:
Glasgow, N. A., McNary, S. J., & Hicks, C. D. (2006). What successful teachers do in diverse classrooms. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
The general format below refers to a book with six to seven authors. If the book is edited, refer to the Chapter in edited book/ebook tab in this box.
For a book with six or seven authors, include the first author and then 'et al.'. Include all author names in the Reference List.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname et al., Year) OR (Author Surname et al., Year, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname et al., Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Churchill et al., 2013)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Churchill et al., 2013, pp. 3-5)
References:
Churchill, R., Ferguson, P., Godinho, S., Johnson, N. F., Keddie, A., Lets, W., & Mackay, J. (2013). Teaching: Making a difference. Sydney, Australia: John Wiley & Sons.
The general format below refers to a book with eight or more authors. If the book is edited, refer to the Chapter in edited book/ebook tab in this box.
For the in-text citation for a book with eight or more authors or editors, include the first author or editor and then 'et al.'. Include the first six authors' or editors' names, then insert three ellipsis points and add the last author or editors name in the Reference List.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname et al., Year) OR (Author Surname et al., Year, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname et al., Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. ... Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Berman et al., 2012)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Berman et al., 2012, p. 59)
References:
Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N., ... Stanley, D. (2012). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing (2nd Aust. ed.). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Australia.
The reference list entry for a whole e-book should include elements of author, date, title (with e-reader book type in square brackets if applicable; italicize the title but not the bracketed material), and source (URL or DOI). If the book was read or acquired through an online library (e.g., Google Books, ebrary, ebl) and not on an e-reader device, omit the bracketed information from the reference.
Note that you give the commercial URL of the ebook supplier, NOT the university web address of the database. eg the correct URL for ProQuest titles is https://ebookcentral.proquest.com. For ereader titles type Kindle version or Kobo version in square brackets, and include http:www.amazon.com or http://www.kobo.com as the URL.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname, Year, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname, Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx OR http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx OR Retrieved from URL of the home page of the e-book provider.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Hendry, 2005)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Henke, 2012, p. 63)
(Levitt & Dubner, 2010, p. 34)
References:
Hendry, J. (2005). Reclaiming culture: Indigenous peoples and self representation. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Henke, J. (2012). Mobile phone devices: Development, features and effects on health. Retrieved from https://www.ebscohost.com/ebooks
Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2010). Superfreakonomics: Global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance [Kindle version]. Retrieved from http:www.amazon.com
Note: The APA 6th Manual and Blog do not provide any instructions on how to reference Open Educational Resources (OERs). Therefore, the Library recommends following the APA 7th edition example.
References list:
Example:
Fagan, J. (2019, March 25). Nursing clinical brain. OER Commons. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from ttps://www.oercommons.org/authoring/53029-nursing-clinical-brain/view
In-text citation:
Note: This refers to edited books (the title page refers to "edited by ..."), where individual chapters of the book are written by different authors (which may include the editor/s). These authors may also be called "contributors". These authors are acknowledged at the beginning of the chapters, and/or in the table of contents.
Where there is only one editor, in the References list, you would simply insert the editor's name in the place where the author's name is now, followed by "(Ed.)" without the quotation marks. Where there are two or more editors, insert the editors' names, followed by "(Eds.)" without the quotation marks.
If edition, or revision information is to be included, it comes before the page numbers, and the two elements are separated by a comma. For numbered editions, use the abbreviation for the ordinal number that applies (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) then add "ed." For a revised edition, use the abbreviations "Rev. ed."
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname [of Chapter], Year) OR (Author Surname [of Chapter], Year, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname [of Chapter], Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname [of Chapter], First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Chapter title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (pp. page range of chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Thompson, 2008)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Thompson, 2008, p. 13)
References:
Thompson, S. (2008). Teaching in a virtual setting. In L. Bell & R.B. Trueman (Eds.), Virtual worlds, real libraries: Librarians and educators in Second Life and other multi-user virtual environments (pp. 165-172). Medford, NJ: Information Today.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Thompson, 2011)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Thompson, 2011, p. 17)
References:
Thompson, S. (2011). Teaching in a virtual setting. In L. Bell & R.B. Trueman (Eds.), Virtual worlds, real libraries: Librarians and educators in Second Life and other multi-user virtual environments (2nd ed., pp. 165-172). Medford, NJ: Information Today.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Dawson, 2004)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Dawson, 2004, p. 64)
References:
Dawson, G. (2004). Work: From certainty to flexibility. In G. Hughes & R. Ferguson (Eds.), Ordering lives: Family, work and welfare (pp. 84-118). Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com.au
Second edition = 2nd ed.
Third edition = 3rd ed.
Fourth edition = 4th ed.
Revised edition = Rev. ed.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname, Year, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname, Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (edition). Place of Publication: Publisher.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Buglear, 2010)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Buglear, 2010, p. 22)
References:
Buglear, J. (2010). Stats mean business (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation) OR (Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Translator: First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher. (Original work published year)
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Castro, 2006/2008)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Castro, 2006/2008, p. 112)
References:
Castro, F. (2008). My life (A. Hurley, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 2006).
The Publication Manual (6th ed.) indicates that reference list entries are not required when citing “ancient Greek and Roman works or classical religious works” (p. 179). These works are so widely known and available that all that is required is an in-text citation.
For ancient Greek and Roman works, cite the year of translation used, preceded by trans., or the year of the version you used, followed by version.
For example:
(Aristotle, trans. 1931)
For the first in-text citation, whether it is general reference or a direct quote, summary or paraphrase, identify the version used, if that is relevant. You do not need to repeat the version name in subsequent references.
For example:
The researchers consulted the Bible (King James Version) ....
If paraphrasing or quoting specific parts of the classical work, also provide the relevant names and/or numbers of chapters/verses/lines, which are provided systematically across all editions.
For example:
The Qur'an (5:3-4) specifies ....
Adapted from the Publication Manual, and this post on the APA Style blog.
When a work has no author, use the title of the content (e.g. page, chapter, article, entry) as the author (with no double quotes) in the reference list. In the in-text citation, include the title of the content (or first few words, if long) (in double quotes) and the year, and italicise the title of a periodical, book, brochure or report (pp. 176, 184).
General Format
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
("Content title" [capitalised, and usually shortened, if long], Year) OR ("Content title" [usually shortened, if long], Year, page number (if in print))
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
("Content title" [capitalised, and usually shortened, if long], Year, page number (if in print))
References (print):
Content title. (Year). In Title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
References (online):
Content title. (Year). In Title: Subtitle. Retrieved from http://xxxx.
Example (print)
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
("Palliative", 2000)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
("Palliative", 2000, p. 3)
References:
Palliative. (2000). In Webster's basic English dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Example (online)
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase or Quotation):
("Amoxicillin", 2018)
References:
Amoxicillin. (2018). In Australian medicines handbook. Retrieved from https://amhonline-amh-net-au/chapters/anti-infectives/antibacterials/penicillins/amoxicillin
For an example of a print dictionary entry without an Author, see Books - No author.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname [of Article], Year) OR (Author Surname [of Article], Year, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname [of Article], Year, page number)
References (print example):
Author Surname [of Entry/Article], First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Entry/Article title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname (Ed.), Reference book title: Subtitle (edition, pp. xx-xx). Place of Publication: Publisher.
References (online example):
Author Surname [of Entry/Article], First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Entry/Article title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname (Ed.), Reference book title: Subtitle (edition, pp. xx-xx). Retrieved from URL (OR doi:xxxxxxxxx)
Example - Encyclopedia
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Lindgren, 1994)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Lindgren, 1994, p. 468)
References:
Lindgren, H. C. (1994). Stereotyping. In Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 468-469). New York, NY: Wiley
Example - Dictionary (with author and editor)
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Bhavsar & Ntoumanis, 2019)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Bhavsar & Ntoumanis, 2019, p. 173)
References:
Bhavsar, N., & Ntoumanis, N. (2019). Intrinsic motivation. In D. Hackfort, R. J. Schinke, & B. Strauss (Eds.), Dictionary of sport psychology: Sport, exercise, and performing arts. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/fjpw/login.action
The example below is taken from the 'Drug Information' section of the Rehabilitation Reference Center, which uses AHFS Drug Information Essentials, as the source. Information on individual drugs (published as chapters from this title) is provided in html format only (not as a PDF).
General Format
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname, Year, Heading)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname, Year, Heading)
References:
Example
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(McEvoy, 2018)
(McEvoy, 2018, Drug Interactions)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(McEvoy, 2018, Drug Interactions)
References:
The APA 6th Publication Manual does not include specific examples for including illustrators.
The following examples are ways that other universities have suggested that illustrators can be included if necessary for picture books.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname & Illustrator Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname & Illustrator Surname, Year, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname & Illustrator Surname, Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Illustrator Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname, Year, page number)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surnamee, Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Illus. First Initial. Illustrator Surname). Place of Publication: Publisher.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Fox & Mullins, 1986) OR (Fox & Mullins, 1986, p. 10)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Fox & Mullins, 1986, p. 6)
References:
Fox, M., & Mullins, P. (Illustrator). (1986). Hattie and the fox. Sydney, Australia: Scholastic Press.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Fox, 1986)
In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):
(Fox, 1986, p. 6)
References:
Fox, M. (1986). Hattie and the fox (P. Mullins, Illus.). Sydney, Australia: Scholastic Press.
